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Glass. 
Book- 



ESSEX INSTITUTE 



Historical Collections 



VOLUME XXX. 



SALEM, MASS. 

PRINTED FOR THE ESSEX INSTITUTE, 
18!)3. 






Printed by Geo. a. Aylward. 
Ubc Salem press. 

Salem, Mass. 



^ i3i 



CONTENTS 



Parts i-iii. 
Columbus Day in Salem. Contributed by William A. Mowry, 

Ph.D 1 

Parts iv-vi. 

The Building of Essex Bridge, 53 

James Robinson NcAvhall. Printer, Lawyer, Judge and Historian. 

A Memorial Address by Nathan M. IIawkes. Delivered before 
the Lynn Press Association at Lynn, Mass., upon the Anni- 
versary of Benjamin Franklin's Birtliday. Jan. 17, 1894. lOG 

"A Roll of Capt. Caleb Lowe's Company belonging toDanvers, 
who marched on the 10th of April last, against the British 
Troops." 12G 

Parts vii-xii. 

A Memorial of Henry "Wheatland, 127 

Index, 205 

(iii) 



HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 



OP THE 



ESSEX INSTITUTE 



Vol. XXX. Jan, Feb., Mar., 1893. Nos. 1, 2, 3. 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 



CONTRIBUTED BY ^V^^. A. MO WRY, PH.D. 

H 



The twenty-first day of October, 1892, w:\s cele])rated 
throuirhoiit tlie length und breadth of the United States 
as"C()hnnbus D:iy" or "Discovery Day." This date was 
agreed upon as the four hundredth anniversary of the dis- 
covery of America by Cohunbus. Tiie date of his discovery, 
according to the calendar of that day, was October r2th, 
O. S. This date was in accordance with what was known 
as the Julian calendar. For many centuries preceding the 
Christian era the calendars of the ditterent countries had 
fallen into great confusion. In the time of tJulius Ctesar 
the civil dale dillcred from the astronomical eipiiuox by 
nearly three months. This powerful ruler resolved on a 
thorough reform. The Julian year consisted of tiiree hun- 
dred and sixty-live and one-fourth days, which dill'erud 

(1) 



2 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

from the true solar year by something over eleven 
minutes. The consequence of this error was that tlie 
vernal equinox in the course of a few hundred years 
fell back sensibly toward the beginning of the year. In 
the time of Julius Caesar the vernal equinox occurred on 
the twenty-fifth of March, In the sixteenth century it 
had retrograded to the eleventh. The calendar was re- 
formed by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. Under the Julian 
calendar, every year divisible by four consisted of three 
hundred and sixty-six days, the other years of three hun> 
dred and sixty- five days. The reform that Gregory mude 
was, first to suppress ten days in the calendar, and then 
to order that thereafter every one hundredth year, except 
those divisible by four hundred, should not be leap years, 
that is, they should consist each of three hundred and 
sixty-five days. This very simple correction of the calen- 
dar soon went into effect in most of the c(juntries of 
Europe. Stated exactly, this rule is as follows : — 

THE GREGORIAN RULE. 

1. Every year not divisible by four shall consist of 
three hundred and sixty-five days. 

2. Every year divisible by four and not by one hundred 
shall consist of three hundred and sixty-six days. 

3. Every year divisible by one hundred and not by 
four hundred shall consist of three hundred and sixty-five 
days. 

4. Every year divisible by four hundred shall consist 
of three hundred and sixty-six days. 

After correcting the calendar by the suppression of 
ten days the only changes that have yet occurred whereby 
this Gregorian calendar difiers from what the Julian calen- 
dar would have given us have been in the omission by ihe 
new calendar of one day in the year 1700 and one day in 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 3 

the year ISOO. This c:ileiul:ir will omit one day moro in 
the year 1900. The next chanii^e will then oceur in the 
year 2100. The pre.sent calentlur is really perfect. Fol- 
lowini; this calendar the error from the iibsolnto length of 
the year will amount to only one day in about two thous- 
and years. 

The empire of Russia has followed to this day the 
Julian calendar, consequently her date to-day differs from 
ours by twelve days. For example, our Christmas day, 
December 25, occurs on what Kussia calls December 
13, and she celebrates her Christmas, December 25, 
O. S., on the day which we call January 6. 

In reckoning from the time of Columbus, however, we 
must bear in mind that the reform of the calendar by 
which Pope Gregory dropped ten days, was made after 
the year 1500, that is, 1582. Had this change been made 
in 1492 it would have been necessary to suppress but nine 
days. In correcting the error which existed at the time 
of the discovery by Columbus, therefore, we have to add 
only nine days to bring his October twelfth to what would 
have been at that time the proper date, namely, October 
twenty-first. It seemed necessary to a clear understand- 
ing of the reason of placing this date of discovery on the 
twenty-tirst of October to give thus brietly an explanation 
of the change of date from old style to new. 

It is certaiidy very natural and may l)e considered ne- 
cessary that America should celebrate the four himdrcdth 
anniversary of the discovery of this continent. The great 
Iiiti'i national Exposition of human industry, skill and ad- 
vancement will take place at Chicago in 18i>3, but the 
otlicial opening of the exposition occurred on Discovery 
Day, October 21, 1892. 

It was deemed advisable and approjjriato that this Dis- 
covery Day should be projjcrly observed as a holiday 






4 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

throughout the country. To this end the President issued 
his prochimation and the Governors of the various states 
issued theirs. By common consent, all parts of the country 
agreed that the celebration in the forenoon should he given 
up to the school children, and the afternoon and evening 
to military and civic processions and parades, orations and 
the like. 

Here we have to record a perfectly unique observance, 
such as neither this country nor any other had ever before 
beheld in the history of the world. For its clear under- 
standing an explanation will be necessary. 

Our American system of public education is the most 
distinctively "American" of all our institutions. The 
fundamental principle of the American system of schools 
is that all the children must receive such an education as 
will qualify them for the duties and responsibilities of 
American citizenship. To accomplish this it is necessary 
that the property of the state shall be taxed to educate the 
children of the state. This institution began at an early 
date in New England and later was established throughout 
the great northwest, largely by emigrants from New Eng- 
land. It was not, until after our late Civil War that the 
institution of pnl)lic schools for all came to be established 
in all of the states. It is now true, however, that every state 
and every organized territory in our entire country has 
i3rml_y established and under supervision a system of public 
schools for all the children. It came to pass, therefore, 
that on the twenty-tirst of October, 1892, Discovery Day 
or Columbus Day was celebrated by appropriate exercises 
in schools of all grades, in all the states and territories, 
in every section of this great country. This was nothing 
less than the sublime spectacle of three hundred and fifty- 
thousand teachers and thirteen-million pupils joining 
simultaneously in a celebration of the progress made on 



coLr:viBUS day in salem. o 

this ooiitiiHMit (hirinir the l;i>t four cciitiirics bytlio people 
■vvlio came Iiitlur from Europe and their cle.-'ceiulants. 
This celebration was characterized by more than nsiial 
unilormity in its exercises. S«)ngs of a i)atriotic character 
were simu: hv the pupils. Declamations and recitations 
were given l)y the l)oys and girls and appropriate ad- 
dresses were made to them by distinguished citizens and 
officials. This celebration by the schools, it will be ob- 
served, had several striking characteristics: 

1. The unusual uniformity of the exercises wherever 
the event was celebrated. 

2. The broad, patriotic character of these exercises. 

3. The extended territory throughout which the c(de- 
bration took i)lace, viz., from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 
and from the Gulf to the Lakes, a country of more than 
three million square miles. 

4. The immense number of teachers, officers, parents 
and children engaged in the celebration. 

In the heartiness and unanimity of sentiment with which 
all the i)eople entered into this celebration i)robably few 
cities sui-passed the city of Salem. In many i)laces the 
arrangements tor the day were comi)licated and rendered 
diificult by a diversity of counsels and a variety of com- 
mittees. Salem was fortunate in that all the arrangements 
on the part of the city autlxnities were entrusted to a sin- 
gle connnitt(>e which represented the different braiu-iies of 
the city government. The mayor sent a message simulta- 
neously to th(; board of aldermen, common council and 
^chool committee, suggesting the ai)[)ointment of a joint 
committee, whose duty it should l)e to take the entire 
charge of the celebration for the day, — morning, after- 
noon and evening, — inviting, at the same time, the cooper- 
ation of committees from the I^oaid of Trade, societies, 
associations and orders of whatever sort anil nature. The 



6 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

plan proposed by the mayor was adopted and the city 
council api)ropriated the sum of one thousand dollars to 
defray the necessary expenses. 

Tlie committee in charge of the celebration consisted of 
His Honor, Mayor Rantoul, chairman ; Aldermen Palfray 
and Turner ; Councilmen Brigham, Hill and Layton ; 
Messrs. Breed, Brown, Collins, Dodge, Gaffney and 
Leach, — who constituted the executive committee of the 
school board, — and the Superintendent of Schools. This 
committee held frequent meetings and throughout all their 
dt4il)erations the action in every instance was substantially 
unanimous. The committee decided first of all that the 
forenoon should be devoted to a celebration on the part of 
the schools. In the afternoon there should be a general 
parade, civic and military, consisting of the different 
branches of the city government, including the fire depart- 
ment, military organizations, the High School battalion, 
fraternal orders, associations and organizations and a gen- 
eral [)rocession of the trades. 

In the evening it was determined to concentrate all in- 
terest upon a great gathering at the Cadet Armory and 
President E. B. Andrews of Brown University was invited 
to be the orator of the occasion. This programme was 
carried out with commendable skill and unusual success. 

The committee on the part of the city has already been 
named. The cotnmittee on the part of the Board of Trade 
consisted of William G. Webber, W. C. Packard, Paul 
B. Patten, Robin Damon, S. H. Wilkins, Henry A. Hale, 
Ellis H. Porter, L. E. Millea, W. F. Clark, J. B. Hard- 
ing, E. H. Merrill, C. W. Reed, E. A. Mackintire, C. 
R. Washburn, J. C. Entwistle and Frank Cousins. 

In the following account of the exercises of the day, 
free use has been made of the excellent reports contained 
in the several city newspapers. The order of the forma- 



COLUMBIS DAY IN SALEM. 



tion of the nfternoon ])r(»('o^;si()n is given in full from the 
iSalein Evening Xews of Octoher 22, and ihe list of school 
exercises are quoted from a carefully prepared report in 
the /Salem Observer. 



EXERCISKS Ar THE SCHOOLS. 

The President's proclamation which follows was read in 
all the schools : 

Whereas, hy a joint resolution, approved Jime 20, 1802, 
it was resolved by the Senate and House of Re})resentativcs 
of the United States of America in Congress asseml)le(l, 
"That the president of the United States be authorized and 
directed to issue a proclamation recommending to the peo- 
ple the obseivance in all their localities of the 400th aimi- 
versaiy of the discovery of America on the 21st of October, 
1892, by public demonstrations and by suital)le exercises 
in their schools and other places of asseml)ly ;" 

Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the 
United States of America, in pursuance of the aforesaid 
joint resolution, do hereby appoint Friday, Oct. 21, 1802, 
the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by Co- 
luml)ns, as a general holiday for the people of the United 
States. On that day let the people so far as i)ossil)le cease 
from toil and devote themselves to such exercises as may 
best express honor to the discoverer and their ap[)reciat ion 
of the great achievements of the four com})leled centuries 
of American life. 

Columbus stood in his age as the pioneer of progress 
and enlightenment. The system of universal education is in 
our age the most prominent and salutary feature of the 
spirit of enlightenment, and it is peculiarly ai)propi'iali' that 
the schools be made l)y the pe(>ple the centre of the day's 
demonstration. Let the national llaLi' float over i'ver\" .--ehuol 



8 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

house in the country, and the exercises be such as shall im- 
press upon our youth the patriotic duties of American cit- 
izenship. 

In the churches and in the other places of assembly of 
the people let there be expressions of gratitude to divine 
Providence for the devout faith of the discoverer, and for 
the divine care and guidance which have directed our his- 
tory and so abundantly blessed our people. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and 
caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. 

Done at the city of Washington, this 21st da}^ of July, 
in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and 
ninety-two, and of the independence of the United States 
the one hundred and seventeenth. 

Benj. Harrison. 
By the President : 

John W. Foster, Secretary of State. 



The following selections from the Bible, prepared by the 
superintendent, were read in all the schools of the city : 

Now the Loi'd said unto Abrani, " Get thee out of thy 
country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's house, 
unto a land that I will show thee. Gen. xii : 1. 

By faith Abraham, when he was called to go out into a 
place which he should after receive for an inheritage obeyed ; 
and he went out, not knowing whither he went. By faith 
he sojourned in the land of promise, as in a strange coun- 
try. For he looked for a city which hath foundations, 
whose builder and maker is God. Heb. xi : 8-10. 

But I have said unto you, Ye shall inherit their land, 
and I will give it unto you to possess it, a land that floweth 
with milk and honey. I am the Lord your God, which 
hath separated you from other people. Lev. xx : 24. 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 9 

Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. 
For there is no power but of God : the powers thtit be are 
ortlained of God. Rom. xiii : 1. 

Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for the 
Lord's sake ; whether it be to the king as supreme, or un- 
to governors, us unto them that are sent l)v him for the 
punisiiment o( evil doers, and for the praise of them that 
do well. Honor all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear 
God. 1 Pet. II : 13-17. 



Give ear, O Shepherd of Israel ; thou that leadest Joseph 
like a flock ; thou tliat dwellest between the cherubim, shine 
forth. Return, we beseech thee, O God of hosts : look 
down from heaven, and behold, and visit this vine ; and 
the vineyard which thy right hand hath planted, and the 
branch that thou madest strong for thyself. Ps. lxxx : 
1-14-15. 

Remember u^, O Lord, with. the favor that thou bearest 
unto thy people : O visit us with thy salvation ; that we 
may see the good of thy chosen ; that we may rejoice in 
the gladness of thy nation ; that we may glory with thine 
inheritance. Ps. ovi : 4-5. 



The Lord bless thee and keep thee : 

The Lord make his face to shine upon thee, 

and 1)0 gracious unto thee : 
The Lord lift up his countenance upon 

thee, and give thee peace. Num. vi : 24-20. 
uisr. roi-L. XXX, 2 



10 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

HIGH SCHOOL. 

A.L. Goodrich, A.M., Principal. 

Exercises held at the South Church, Chestnut St. 

L Reading of the President's Proclamation. The Principal. 

2. Salute to the Flag — Veterans on the platform with the Colors. 

3. Chorus, The Star Spangled Banner. School and Audience. 

4. Scripture Selections. The Principal. 

5. The Lord's Prayer in Concert. ^ School. 

6. Song, Columbus Day. School. 

7. Address, The Meaning of the Pour Centuries. 

Master Harry H. Bennett. 

8. The Ode, Columbia's Banner. Miss Ellen M. Sullivan. 

9. Address, The Difficulties of Columbus— Original. 

Master Henry W. Hardy. 

10. Essay, Prom 1492 to 1892. Miss Grace A. Woodbury. 

11. Chorus, The Pilgrim Fathers. School. 

(Hon. Robert S. Rantoul. 
Rev. James F. Brodie. 
Supt. William A. Mt)M'ry. 
13. Closing Song, America. School and Audience. 

REMARKS BY MAYOR KANTOUL. 

The Mayor, in the course of his remarks, said : — It will 
be observed that the progressive and enlightened races of 
the world live north of the equator. Australia is an ex- 
ception, but only proves the rule, since Australia is but a 
fragment of England broken oif and planted bodily, wiih 
all of England's social and political traditions and institu- 
tions, in the southern seas. Most of the land on the earth's 
surface is in the northern hemisphere, and of this the por- 
tion lying in the north temperate zone has produced about 
all the science and poetry and philosophy and art which 
have contri1)uted to the world's progress. From east to 
west the march has proceeded, — the star of em[)ire intel- 
lectual as truly as political, — very strangely within these 



coLr.Mnus day in salem. 11 

linos, — from Cliini :ni(l Japan, an<l India and P(M'sia and 
Egypt and Greece and Rome, — to Spain and France an<l 
Knirland, until it .stopj)ed at tlie Atlantic Oeean. \Vliy? 
Think ot" the long ages tUiring which humiii deveh)pment 
was phxlding its slow way along in the East, and all this 
while the American continent, in its primeval majesty, 
lay just where it is to-day, but hidden, — al)solutely veiled 
from the eye of" the living world, — \inscen, unknown, un- 
suspected, awaiting the c:dl of destiny. We have now 
the responsibility of moulding and governing and direct- 
ing the best part of this new-world continent, — that part 
which lies in the north temperate zcme. Do you think it 
was reserved all these centuries for nothing? Clearly 
there was design in this. It is no accident. "We may not 
presume to fathom the purposes of Almighty Wisdom, but 
we may reverently ask : might not the Divine purpose have 
been to keep this fairest section of the earth, with its mighty 
rivers and inland seas, — its mines of wealth, — its teeming 
and almost inexhaustible soil, — for a retreat to which the 
well-iijclined of older lands may escape from the traditional 
animosities of the eastern world and where they may unite 
upon the common footing of the brotherhood of man? At 
Ikkuc the Greek must hate the Turk, — the Frenchman, the 
G«'rnian, — the Hungarian, the Austrian, — the Pole, the 
Cossack, — and almost all of them, the Englishman, for so 
they are I)red. But here tiiey become Americans all, — 
united by a common destiny, — equals in their right and 
o[)portunity of happiness, — all avenues ()[)en to each, — and 
only, by some perverse determination towards evil, able 
to keep alive their ancestral feuds. Why waste time in 
hatreds when all life's fairest o[)portunities are beckoning 
them forward 1 If such be in any part the destiny of this 
continent discovered by Columbus, is it not a glorious and 
exalted one? Is it not enouirh to till the ami)iti(»n of tli« 



12 COLUMBUS DAT IN SALEM. 

best of us, that we are the chosen people, called to no less 
an heritage than the conduct and control of so beneficent 
an empire? 

ADDRESS BY REV. JAMES F. BRODIE. 

Only a few days ago a paper was given to the public by 
our distinguished Ex-Postmaster General, Hon. Thomas 
L. James. According to this paper it was not Christopher 
Columbus after all who discovered America. It was a 
certain Welshman by the name of Madoc who did the 
business. Some three hundred years or so before Cohmi- 
bus sailed from Palos to San Salvador, it appears that this 
Welsh navigator crossed the Atlantic with several ships 
and landed quite a number of his countrymen somewhere 
upon our coasts. The proof of it is in certain records 
that have been handed down, and in the considerable 
mixture of Welsh speech in certain of the Indian lan- 
guages. Certainly if there be any man living who ought 
to know about this matter it is Mr. James for he is a 
Welshman himself. But however it may be, this fact still 
remains. If those Welshmen did discover America three 
hundred years before Columbus, America did not stay dis- 
covered. They did not do their work so thoroughly, but 
that Columbus had to come and do it over again. And 
that is one of the most notable things about the discovery 
of America by Columbus. America has stayed discovered 
ever since. Whatever else may or may not be said about this 
man, over whom there is so much difference of opinion, 
this much has to be said. It may be that he was not the 
original discoverer of this continent of ours ; it may be 
that he never meant to tind a new world, and never knew 
that he had done it ; the fact still stands, that since he 
made his discovery, America has never again become an 
undiscovered country. From that time till this, it has 



COLUMBUS DAY IX SALEM. 13 

kept discovered. And this is the sinirle fact th;it I would 
like to dwell upon in the little that I have space to say. 
The mere discovery ot" America, <:reat achievcnient as it 
was, was by no means the greatest thins. Even more 
than thai is the matter of keeping it discovered. How is 
this to be done? For answer to this question it is needlul 
to do little more than point to the history of this single 
nation to which we l)el()ng. How is it that America has 
been kept so effectually discovered from Columbus' time 
to this? How is it that to-day it holds so conspicuous a 
place among the grand divisions of the earth? It is large- 
ly by what the United States has become as a nation and 
a jieople. When Mr. Goodrich asked me to speak here 
to-day, he promised me that I might bring out the Amer- 
ican eagle and make him scream just as loud and as much 
as he can — inside often minutes. What does that word 
American mean in the ears of the world to-day ? Largely 
what the history of these United States has made it mean. 
You travel through the various comilries of Europe; and 
you are recognized at once as an American. Before you 
can open your lips to speak, as soon as they set eyes upon 
you, the i)eople there can tell where you aie from. 1 do 
not know how it is, — by a sort of instinct it seems, they 
are al)le to say of you, here is an American. Xow what 
is it that these people mean by an American? Do they 
mean a man from Canada or any of the British Provinces 
this side the sea? Do they mean a man from Mexico or 
any of the states of Central or South America? Not at all. 
They mean a man from the United States. Some Amer- 
ieiins in company with English friends were on the heights 
of St. Cloud, overlooking the city of Paris. A company 
of old women from one of the poorest districts of the city 
were taking a <la3's outing tlujre. When they were told 
that the Americans were soon to return to their home, one 



14 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

of them, a curious figure that might have stepped out from 
one ot Victor Hugo's novels, threw up her hand and called 
out " Vive I'Amerique." VMiat did that old woman of Paris 
mean by America? Did she mean Canada or Mexico or 
Brazil or Peru? Very likely she had never heard of some 
of those countries. But she had heard of the United 
States, and that was America to her. And so it is all over 
the world. It is this nation of ours which has made the 
word America such a glorious name. Have you ever 
thought of it? The United States is only about one-fifth 
of the whole territory of America. Not one-half of the 
population of America is within its boundaries, and yet 
it is by far the larger part of what America means to the 
world. Is not that a most significant fact? Is it not a fact 
worth calling to mind in the celebiations of this Discovery 
Day? Is it not the fact which answers, once for all, the 
question, How is America to be kept discovered? By 
going on to make more and larger history of the same 
sort that this nation of ours has been making from the 
bet^inninof. There is a part in this for each one of us to 
do. We may keep America discovered by discovering 
Americans in ourselves; by l)eing the very best sort of 
American citizens in all of our lite ; by loyalty to the in- 
stiiutions of our country; by faithful allegiance to this 
fl.ig to which to-day so many of the children and youth 
have pledged themselves. Nothing could be fitter than 
that the public schools should have so large a part in this 
celebration, for the public schools are what we depend on 
to a large degree to keep America discovered. 

ADDRESS BY WILLIAM A. MOWRY, SUPERINTENDENT OF 

SCHOOLS. 

It is four hundred years since Columbus discovered 
America. He was seventy-one days on his voyage from 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 1') 

Spain to llie Wrst Indies. That voyage coukl be inailc 
now in six days. So we ai'e artiially living twelve times 
as fast as people did in those days. Four centuries have 
made a great, tlillerenee in the conditions of human lite. 
Coinmhus never saw a raili-oad, a steamboat, a telegiaph, 
or a telephone. Pianos, cook stoves and table forks were 
unknown, (^loth of any kind was made only by a slow 
process with a hantl loom. There were no steel pens ; no 
fountain pens; no stylographic pens. Friction matches 
had not been invented. To niak(f a tire when it had once 
<r<»ne out was a difficult and laborious task. 

How strange it would seem for Columbus to return to 
this world to-day, and walk the streets of Salem, Boston, 
Chicago, New Orleans or San Francisco. How surpri-eil 
be would be to visit the rural hamlets of New England, 
cross the mighty prairies of the West or look in up.m 
"opening day" at the Columbian Exposition at Chicago, 
to-day I Don't you wish he could do it? 

Well, Columbus came to see me the other night. He 
presented his card, and I received him with great 
resi)ect, and gave him a seat in my otKce. He wanted to 
inquire about the schools. It seemed to him strange 
that all the children had schools to go to every tlay. H<; 
thought it was a tine thing. He told me how .-urprise.d 
he was to ride on a railroad, and what a marvel the Brook- 
lyn l)ridge appeared to him. He ap[)reciated very hiuhly 
the great manufacturing establishments which he had seen, 
— the factories of Lowell and Lawience, and Fall'"l{i\er 
and Manchester, the carriage shops of Amesbiny, the 
shoe sho[)S of Lynn, the vast grain tields of the West and 
the innnense mining machinery of Coloraih). 

But that which most surprised him, and which seemed 
to him of the greatest value ; — that which w.is [In- nio>t 
distinctively American in.^litulion that he found in our 



16 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

country, was the American public schools, and he had 
come to make some inquiries of me as to how we studied 
geography. I took him around to several of our best 
schools. I showed him the High School, with its fine 
physical and chemical laboratories. We visited the Phillips 
and the Bentley, the great Bowditch, the Pickering and the 
Saltonstall ; we dropped in upon several of the primaries. 
Columbus saw the large wall maps, distinct and beautiful, 
bringing out clearly and presenting to the eyes of the 
pupils at a ghuice, the countries of the old world and the 
political divisions of North America and South America, 
by which the children get a correct view of the round 
world, the excellent text-books with their clear mips and 
finely engraved pictures, and what seemed to him such 
easy and interesting map questions, and entertaining de- 
sci'iptive-text lessons. 

But Columbus made some severe criticisms on what he 
saw. The electric lights dazzled his eyes, and he wished 
to be taken away from them. The electrical cars seemed 
to him dangerous, and he refused to ride in them. The 
Salem schools with their pleasant, cheerful teachers, and 
intelligent looking, well-dressed pupils, their faces and 
hands so clean, and hair neatly brushed ; with globes and 
maps and charts ; with reference books, and supplement- 
ary reading books and laboratory apparatus; — all these 
things surprised him greatly. They seemed to him to 
belong to a heavenly world, and to be no part of tl)e dull 
earth which he was familiar with four centuries ago. 
Finally he asked me if there were not some things which 
would remind him of old times. So I showed him the 
hovels of the poor at the North End, Boston, a convict 
gang at work in the rice fields of Louisiana, some Indian 
Tepees on a Sioux reservation. Of these sad pictures of 
human degradation and misery Columbus said little. He 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 17 

still asked ine to show him sometliinj; that would remind 
him of the former days, ami the old world. 

Well, after mature reflection, thiiikini; the <:^round all 
over, I suddenly transported Columl^us oil" to a very, very 
distant place, a thousand miles, more or less, from here, 
and we visited some badly ventilated school-houses be- 
tween 11 and 12 o'clock. Wa found sixty children in one 
room, with no proper means of ventilation, seventy in 
another, and eighty huddled together in the lowest room 
of another school, and he exclaimed. "How can the poor 
children live in such an atmosphere? it is worse than the 
cabin of the Pinta." 

Now most of our modern school-houses in New England 
are very good, but there are some of the other sort. I 
then took him to one of the towns, I will not tell you what 
town it was and you must not guess, and showed him a 
country school-house, with its box stove, its carved desks, 
its bare walls, its windows well covered with spider webs 
but destitute of curtains, no globc'S, no wall maps, no ap- 
paratus of any kind. The teachers were such as could be 
found willing to take the places at the ancient salary which 
had not been raised within the memory of man. He 
looked upon the stolid faces of the children ; he heard 
them read their A, B, C's, and A, B, Ab's, and then we 
called upon the school connnittee, who had suliered these 
things to continue. "It is enough," said Columbus, "this 
is four hundred years ago." 

This visit of Columbus impressed me greatly. After 
that I fell asleep and dreamed. I dreamed that I slept so 
hard that I could not be awakened. They laid me away 
and forgot all about it, and there I lay four hundred years. 
I woke (ni the 21st of October, in the year 221*2, at ten 
o'clock in the morning. 1 found here at Salem, a city of 
five hundred thousand inhabitants. The city included 
uisr. COLL. XXX 3 



18 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

Beverly, Wenham, Danvers, Peabody and Lynn. The 
people all rode on bicycles and tricycles, and in funny 
little electrical carriages. Great glass electrical cars, with 
soft cushioned rubber wheels, were hurrying and skurry- 
ing hither and thither in all the streets. From city to city, 
from town to town, and across the water, people travelled 
in air carriages, propelled by electric wind-mills. The 
United States embraced all North America, and its popu- 
lation was more than one thousand millions. The cooking 
for all the people of a large city was done in one great 
cook house, and the meals were forwarded to each family 
by pneumatic tubes. Mail matter was received from New 
York every fifteen minutes ; from Chicago twice an hour, 
and from San Francisco hourly, through pneumatic tubes. 
It took half an hour to transport mail matter from New 
York to Salem, two hours from Chicago, and five hours 
from San Francisco. 

When Congress was in session, the speeches made there 
were transmitted by large telephones to all the great cities. 
What was called the Round House, stood in the centre of 
Washington Square, Salem. It was large enough to seat 
ten thousand people, and our Salem politicians, business 
men, and strong-minded voting women, were accustomed 
to sit in this liound House and listen to the speeches made 
at Washington in the Congress. Just as I was listening to 
a grand argument upon the desirability of a ship canal 
tunnel to connect the Missouri river with the Columbia, 
made by a lineal descendant of Mayor Rautoul, I sudden- 
ly awoke. 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 19 

NORMAL SCHOOL. 
D. B. Hagar, Ph. D., PrincipaL 

10 A. M. 

1. Sinsring. Russian National Hymn. 

2. Responsive Readinj;, Ps. U8. 

3. Prayer. 

4. Reading Proclamation. Gertrude C. Knox. 

5. Reading, Selections from the Columbian Ode. Harriet F. Monroe. 

6. Impersonation, Columbus before the Cosmographers at Sala- 

manca. Blanche Townsend, Ruth C. Higbee, Mary S. 
Rhoades, Viola S. Perkins, Florence Abbott. Mary E. Dodge, 
Metella Paine, Louise G. White, Mabel Winslow, Helen E. 
Cooper, Lillian T. Keneson. 

7. Singing, Song of Columbus Day. 

8. Essay, The last recall of Columbus to the Court of Spain. Miss 

K. Fox. 

9. Essay, Columbus at Barcelona. Miss M. E. West. 
10. Singing, Star of Freedom. 

IL Essay, Columbus in Chains. Miss B. E. Baldwin. 

12. Essay, Columbus's year off the coast of Jamaica. Miss N. 

Stackpole. 

13. Reading, Columbus. Miss E. T. Maguire. 

14. Singing, America. 



THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL PROGRAMlVfES. 

BENTLEY AND PHILLIPS SCHOOLS. 

Edwin R. Bigelow, Principal Phillips School. 

Hannah E. Choate, Principal Bentley School. 

Tabernacle Church. 

1. The President's Proclamation. Principal Bigelow. 

2. The Salute to the Flag. 

3. National Hymn America. Schools. 

4. Scripture and Lord's Prayer. 

5. Recitation, Christopher Columbus. Stella M. Iroson. 

6. Recitation, Discovery of America. William C. Gardner. 

7. Recitation, Columbia my Land! Mabel S. Whipple. 

8. Song of C<)luml)us Day. — Theron Brown. Schools. 

9. Address, The Meaning of the Four Centuries. Frederick L. Cole. 
10. Recitation, Tlie Story of Columbus. Misses Berry, CliU'ord, 

Cunningham, Foster, Reynolds, Harwood, Schollar, Pitman, 
Woodbury, Larraboe, Howditch, StiUman, Luscomb, Cameron. 



20 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

11. Song, Columbus. Classes I, II and III of Bentley School. 

12. The Ode, Columbia's Banner, by Edna Dean Proctor. Master 

Daniel H. O. Hare. 

13. The Star Spangled Banner. Solo by Mrs. E. R. Bigelow. 

14. Address by Capt. John R. Lakeman. 

15. Address by Supt. Wm. A. Mowry. 



BOWDITCH SCHOOL. 

Frank L. Smith, Principal. 

Bowditch HaU. 

1. Reading of the President's Proclamation. The Principal. 

2. Raising of the Flag, by detachment of veterans, from Phil. 

Sheridan Post G. A. R. 

3. Salute to the Flag and Pledge of Allegiance. The School. 

4. Singing of America. School and Audience. 

5. Scripture Reading. The Principal. 

6. The Lord's Prayer in concert. The School. 

7. Song, Columbus Day. Pupils and Audience. 

8. The Address, Meaning of the Four Centuries. 

Master Orlando Leightou. 

9. The Ode, Columbia's Banner. Miss Jennie L. Goldthwaite. 

10. Declamatiou, Patriotism. Master Edward J. Carney. 

11. Sextette, Banner of the Free. Misses Lillie Parker, Lena 

Goddard, Edith Clifltord, Masters Warren Colson, George 
Morrill and James Toomey. 



PICKERING SCHOOL. 
William P. Hayward, Principal. 
First Baptist Church, Federal St. 



1. 


Reading the Scriptures. 




The Principal 


2. 


Lord's Prayer in concert. 




School 


3. 


Reading of President's Proclamation. 


The Principal 


4. 


Saluting the Flag. 






5. 


Singing, America. 




School and Audience 


6. 


The Historical Address. 




Arthur Harkness 


7. 


The Ode Clolumbia's Banner. 




Mr. Geo. M. Harris 


8. 


Song, Columbus Day. 




School and Audience 


9. 


Recitations. 




Pupils of the 5th Grade 


10. 


Song. 


Pupils 


of the 5th and 6th Grades 


11. 


Recitations. 




Pupils of the Gth Grade 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 



21 



12. Recitations. 

13. Song, lied, White and Blue. 

14. Recitations. 

15. Sons, Star Spangled Banner. 

16. Recitations. 

17. Song, Home STreet Home. 

18. Addresses. 



Pupils of the 7th Grade. 

School. 
Pupils of the Sth firadi-. 

School. 
Pupils of the 9th Grade. 

School. 



The Principal. 

School. 

School and Audience. 

The Principal. 



SALTONSTALL SCHOOL. 
O. B. Stone, Principal. 

1. Reading of President's Proclamation. 

2. Salute to the Flag. 

3. Song, America. 

4. Scripture Selections. 

5. Lord's Prayer. 

6. Song, Columbus Day. School and Audience. 

7. Address, The Meaning of the Four Centuries. Nellie M. Fitz. 

8. The Ode, Columbia's Banner. Clara A. GitVord. 

9. Song, Columbus. School. 

10. Historical Recitations. Eleven Pupils. 

11. Recitation, Our Country. Elizabeth Powell. 

12. ■ Song, Our Native Land. Grace E. Crouse. 

13. Recitation, On and On. William S. Morris. 

14. Recitation, Christopher C. Ethel M. Wheeler. 

15. Addresses by Citizens. 

IG. Solo and Chorus, Columbia. Nettie B. Eagles and twenty girls. 



The several Primary schools of the city had their exor- 
cises in their own school-houses. In some instances, where 
it was possible, the whole sciiool met together, in other 
cat^es the exercises were held in separate rooms. An 
address had l)een prepared by the National E.xecutive Com- 
mittee de^;iirned for use in this grade of schools, but it 
was found to be too difficult for the con)prciiension of the 
children. It was therefore simplified by the supt riiitcnd- 
ent and in this form given in the schools of this giadc 



22 COLUMBUS DAT IN SALEM. 

AN ADDRESS FOR COLUMBUS DAY 

FOR PRIMARY SCHOOLS. 
PREPARED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS. 

This is Columbus Day. It might well be called Discov- 
ery Day. Christopher Columbus discovered America four 
hundred years ago to-day. That is the thought that stirs 
our hearts. We celebrate this four-hundredth anniversary 
of the discovery of the New World. In this celebration 
we are not alone. There are thirteen million pupils in the 
public schools of the United States. All over the country, 
from Maine to California, the children in all these schools 
are celebrating Columbus Day. 

Some people may think that boys and girls are of no 
consequence, but all sensible people do not think so. See 
what they are doing to-day. They are gathered in great 
school-houses and little school-houses, all over the land, 
and they are having a celebration all to themselves, and the 
flag of our country floats over them all. 

We have met to celebrate Columbus Day because Pres- 
ident Harrison asked us to, and Governor Russell asked 
us to. So we obey the Governor and obey the President. 

When Columbus discovered America there were no free 
public schools anywhere. There were no railroads, steam- 
boats, telephones or telegraphs. There were no news- 
papers. The people had no cook-stoves, no knives and 
forks to eat with. The common people had to work and 
fight for the kings and nobles. 

But In this New World which Columbus discovered, the 
common people work for themselves, and have established 
equal rights for everybody, free education for all the chil- 
dren, and a government carried on by the people them- 
selves. W^e ought to be thankful to-day to God for send- 
ing Columbus to discover this New World where we live. 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALKM. 23 

and whit'h our forefalhors made a land of ficedoni, of law, 
and of schools. All the jjreat blessinjjsour fathers secured 
have come to us. So we ought to be gratefid for all the 
blessings that we have. And these great blessings ought 
to make us good, i)atri()tio citizens. We ought toloveour 
parents, our schools, our beautifid flag, and our country. 
Wo ought to love God and oI)ey his commands. 

We ought all to be patriots. Patriots are those that love 
their country and its flag. In our play, if we try to make 
our games fair and honest ; in our work, if we try to make 
our school better, we are learning to be patriotic citizens. 

Let everybody remendier that the boys and girls of to- 
day will be men and women before long. In a few years, 
those who are scholars in school to-day will build thcschool- 
houses, and make the laws, and govern the towns and cit- 
ies, the states, and the nation. If we come to school to 
learn to be good and to do good, we shall make the people 
hai)pier, and our country's flag brighter. 

So, let us promise here and now that the flag of our dear 
land, which waves over our heads to-day so proud and 
bright, shall never be stained by our fault. Let us pledge 
ourselves that the great name America shall forever mean 
an equal chance to every citizen, and love to all the world. 

BENTLEY PRIMARY SCHOOL. 

1. Scripture and Prayer. 

2. Song of Columbus Day. School. 

3. Address, by Mrs. Emma B. Lowd. 

4. Song, Red, White and Blue. School. 

5. Recitutiou for Columbus Day, and recitation Columbus. 

Third Grade. 

6. Recitations for Little Ones. First Gntde. 

7. Recitation, Our Free Laud. Second Grade. 

8. Questions and Answers, Historical Events, Songs. 

The Departing Ships, and Land in Sight. Fourth Grade. 

9. Song, Our Banner. School. 
The exercises were in the principal's room, the four grades being 

united. 



24 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 



BERTRAM SCHOOL. 

The first six numbers on the official program took place in the school 
yard. 

The President's Proclamation was read by Col. J. F. Dalton. 

Scriptures by the principal. 

Address by Ethel Holt. 

Grades I and II occupied the lower hall and carried out the follow- 
ing programme : 

1. Song. 

2. Discovery Day, Recitation. 

3. Columbus. 

4. Christopher C. 

5. Recitation, There are Many Flags. 

6. Song, Our Flag. 

7. Columbus. 

8. Song, Long Ago. 



Battle Cry of Freedom. 

By several pupils. 

By eight pupils. 

Several pupils. 



Eight pupils. 



GRADES III AND IV. 



1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 



Marching to the Fair. 
Song, Red, White and Blue. 
Story of Columbus. 
Song, Before all Lands. 
Recitation. 
Song, Our Banner. 
Acrostic, Columbus. 
Song, Columbus. 
Recitation, Columbus. 
Recitation, Columbus. 
Song, My Native Land. 
Our Flag. 
Song, Star Spangled Banner. 



Nine boys. 

By thirteen girls. 

By eight girls. 

By eight girls. 

By Neil Fitz. 

By six pupils. 

By three pupils. 



BROWNE SCHOOL. 

1. Selections of Scripture and Lord's Prayer. 

2. Columbia, my Land. 

3. Recitation. 

4. Responsive Exercise. 

5. Concert Exercise. 

6. Recitation. 

7. Sin?/iug. 



Harry Flint. 
1st Class. 
4th class • 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 25 

8. Recitation, pupils of 2nd and 3rd classes. 

" " " 4th class. 

" .. .. 2nd " 

" " " 3rd " 

9. Readini; of Address for Primary Schools. By Miss Earle. 
10. Singing. 

C.\RLTON SCHOOL. 
Room i. Teacher, Miss C. F. Lucas. 

1. Welcome. Lena Adams. 

2. Sonsi, Columbia, My Land. 

3. Lauding of Columbus. John Mouson, Angelina Carron and 

Agda Olsen. 

4. Song, Our Banner. 

5. Discovery Day. William Shambo. 

6. Song, There Are Many Flags in Many Lands. Bessie Mc- 

Manus, Lydia Lewis, Lena Adams, Helen Danforth, Alice 
Hackett and Ethel Pike. 

7. Christopher Columbus. John Barnes, Harry Hurd, Frank Lyons, 

Albert Miller, Wilgodt Olsen, Henry Jordan, Carl EUason, 
George Perkins, Arthur de Sloovere, Fred Fernald, John 
Walsh and Richard Collins. 

8. Song, The Flag of Our Nation. 

9. Story of Columbus. Lena Adams, Annie Barry, DoUie Brown, 

Harry Hurd, liichard Collins, George Thomas, Helen Dan- 
forth, Bertha Pettit, Alice Hackett, Mary Shatswell, Albert 
Miller, Frank Lyons, Ethel Pike, Mildred Rice, Mary Hay, 
George Redding. 

10. Acrostic, No. 1. 

11. Motion Song, The Clock. 

12. The Story of Our Country. Mary Shatswell, Lizzie Ryan, 

Louisa Jackson, Mildred Rice, Nellie Thompson, Bessie 
McManus, Alice Rice and Mary Rice. 

13. Song, Children's Hymn of Praise. 

14. Acrostic, No. 2. Bertha Pettit, Alice Rice, Helen Danforth, 

Lena Adams, DoUie Brown, Lydia Lewis, Alice Hackett. 

15. Solo, Long Ago. Lillie Thomas. 
IG, Acrostic No. 3. Eight Boys. 

17. Song, Our Flag. 

18. The Red, White and Blue. Harry Hurd, Annie Barry and 

Bertha Pettit. 

19. Song, Columbia, Gem of the Ocean. 

20. Exercise with Flags. 

HIST. COLL. XXX 4 



26 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

21. Song, We Love Our Country. 

22. Questions on Columbus. 

23. Flag Song with Motions. 

Booms n and ni. 
Teachers, Miss A. L. Burnham, Miss H. A. Moulton. 

1. Song, Columbia, My Land. 

2. Welcome. Mary Hurley. 

3. Discovery Day. Class 3. 

4. Story of Columbus. Henry Southam, Harold Naiigle, Mary 

McShane, Grace VoUor, Charles Sylvester, William Jordan, 
William Rollins, Gertrude Hanson, John Kelleher, Nellie 
Thompson, Edna Dennis, John Whipple, Mary Hurley, George 
Hall, Louisa Conlon, Arthur Merrill, Edward Pettit, Edith 
Greeley, William Thompson, Ada Stevens, David Aylward, 
Lizzie Osgood. Class 2. 

5. Questions on Columbus. Class 3. 

6. Long Ago. Harvey Whitmore. Class 3. 

7. Exercise with Flags. John Whipple, Bertha Bradshaw, Fred 

Johnson, Henry Southam, Mary Mc Shane, Arthur Merrill. 

Class 2. 

8. Song, Flag of our Nation. 

9. Crossing the Wide Ocean. Helen Dean, Grace Collins, Margaret 

Tracy, Ida Powers, Edith Ellis, Ellen Dunn, Howard Bates, 
Carlton Bates. Class 3. 

10. Christoplier Columbus. John Whipple, Samuel Mc Garrell, 

Harold Naugle, Fred Johnson, Edward Pettit, David Aylward, 
William Thompson, Timothy Lomasney, John Kelleher, George 
Hall, Henry Southam, Arthur Merrill. Class 2. 

11. Landing of Columbus. Joseph Powers, Addle Jackson, Ethel 

Hay ward. Class 3. 

12. Song, Children's Hymn. 

13. Story of our Country. Edna Dennis, Vickie Bradshaw, Mary 

Mc Shane, Edilh Greeley, Bertha Bradshaw, Louisa Conlon, 
Mary Hurley, Ada Stevens. Class 2. 

14. Columbus Acrostic. Gladys Naugle, Mary Doherty, Maud Bux- 

ton, Ethel Hayward, Abbie Lewis, Bessie Edwards, Katie 
Barry, Annie Carron. Class 3. 

15. There are Many Flags. John Whipple, John Kelleher, Edith 

Greeley, Harold Naugle, Louisa Conlon. Class 2. 

16. Recitation. Emma Batchelder. Class 3. 

17. Our Flag. William Jordan, Bertha Bradshaw, Vickie Bradshaw, 

Timothy Lomasney, Grace Vollor, John Kelleher, Fred John- 
son, Samuel Mc Garrell, Charles Sylvester. Class 2. 

18. Song, We love our Country. 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 27 

Room iv. 
Teachers, Miss Mauy E. Rowley, Miss Mary A. Grant. 

1. Song, Columbia My Laud. 

2. Greitinsj of Friends. Marian Lyon. 

3. Son;;, Welcome to the Nations. 

4. Class Exercise, Columbus. 

5. Al)out Columbus. Margaret B. Merrill. 

6. Discovery Day. George Aylward, Lillie Andrews, Antoine 

Sharabo, Clara Sylvester, Alice Greeley. 

7. Acrostic No. 1, Columbus. Agatha Knowlton, Alice Lyon, 

Bessie Smethurst, Marian Lyon, Ethel Jacques, Mollie Tem- 
ple, Bessie Perliius, Margaret B. Merrill. 

8. Song, Our Banner. 

9. Landing of Columbus. Irving Richardson, Florence Lewis, 

Alice Buckley. 

10. The Red, White and Blue. Louis Carr, Charles Collins, Harry 

Powers. 

11. The School and the Flag. Class. 

12. Song, Our Flag. 

13. Story of Our Country. Irving Richardson, Grace Davis, Mar- 

tha Pettit, Ethel Merrow. 

14. Flag of the Free. 'Frank Hutchinson, Frank Slater, Willie 

Hurley, Robert Mc Shane, Irving Richardson, Matthew Slater, 
David Kelleher, Louis Carr, Willie lletlernan, Charles Collins. 

15. Acrostic No. 2, Columbus. Ernest Blanchard, Arthur Mon- 

sou, Charles Perkins, Ralph Naugle, David Kelleher, Victor 
Johnson, William McGarrel, Henderson Mc Shane. 

16. There are Many Flags. Ethel Jacques, Marian Lyon, Alice 

Lyon, Mollie Temple. 

17. Song of Praise. 

ENDICOTT SCHOOL. 

1. Song of Columbus Day. 

2. The address. John Brennan. 

3. Song, Rally Wound the Flag. 

4. Recittition, Long Ago. Margaret Donohue. 

5. Marching Song, The World's Fair. 

Scholars from the fourth class. 

6. Recitation, The Landing of Columbus. Alexander Freeman. 

7. Recitation, by four girls and two boys. Rose McXally, 

Margaret Kinsella, Eva Hogan, Emma Sargent, Cornelius 
O'Conuell, John O'llare. 



28 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

8. Song, "We love our Country, Great and Free. 

9. Recitation, Discovery Day. Polly Hersey. 

10. Recitation, Our Great Discoverer. Isabel McKay. 

11. Recitation, Acrostic, Columbus. By Susie McCullough, Eliza- 

beth Farrell, Maud Purtell, Agnes Larkin, Katie Anderson, 
Alice McKenzie, Annie Murphy, Fannie Ronan. 

12. Song, There are many flags. 

13. Story of our Country. By eight boys, John Brennan, Edmund 

Cotter, Willie Crowdis, Edward Roach, George Purtell, 
Cornelius O'Brien, Fred Farrington, Frank Burton. 

14. America. 

LINCOLN SCHOOL. 
The indoor exercises opened with scriptural readings, 
the song, Columbus Day, following. Mr. Mowry's address 
was read by Stephen Kimball. Recitations by the sev- 
eral classes then followed, after which the pupils were ad- 
dressed by some of the visitors. 

LYNDE SCHOOL. 

PKOGKAMMK OF GRADES I AND rv. 

1. Reading of Scriptures. 

2. Lord's Prayer. 

3. Song, America. 

4. Reading, Address for Coliimbus Day. Alfred Savory. 

5. Recitation, Why We Are Here. John Remon. 

6. Song, World's Fair. 

7. Questions and Answers. Recited and Sung. 

8. Acrostic, Columbus, America. W. O'Keefe, G. Duntley, J. 

Pedrick., W. Cottle, T. Green, G. Thorogood, H. Wilson, 
F. Fay, J. Coflfey, D. Lyons, D. Hurley, H. Duggan, R. 
Conley, C. Ayers, J. Griffin. 

9. Song, We Love Our Country. 

10. Recitation, Our Country As It Was. F. Crowdis, E. Cogs- 

well, G. Whelpley, G. Lynch, J. Condon. 

11. Song, Columbus Day. 

12. Acrostic, Columbia, Gem of the Ocean. A. Harrigan, D. 

O'Brien, A. Savory, F. McFadden, C. Burke, W. Cashman, 
F. Crowdis, J. Harkins, E. Smith, J. Condon, T. O'Keefe, 
C. McLean, W. McLean, G. Comstock, G. Burnham. T. Burns, 
M. Ryan, J. Condon, J. Mason. J. Richardson, F. Earle. 

13. Song, Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean. 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 29 

14. Eecitation. Our Country As It Is Now. D. O'Brien, A. Ilar- 

riirau. F. Earle, C. Burke, J. liichardson, T. Ayers, T. Burns, 
T. O'Keefe. 

15. Son*:, Our Fln^. 

16. Recitation, Si-juals of our Flaff. F. Earle and G. Comstock. 

17. Kecitation, Hod, White and Blue. J. Fay, A. Lawrence, W. Fay. 

18. Recitation, Story of Our Country. 

GRADE IV. 

19. Recitation, Our Land. F. Smith, G. Thorogood. 

20. Song, Oh : The Flag of Our Own Country. 

21. Salute to the Flag. 

GRADES II AND III. 

Reading of Scriptures. 
Lords Prayer. 

1. Song, America. 

2. Song, World's Fair. 

3. Question and Answer. David Barry, Frank Tibbets, Arthur 

O'Brien. 

4. Question and Answer. Frank Jenkins, Matthew Neary. 

5. Song, Columbia, My Land. 

6. Recitation, Red, White and Blue. Rudolph Liebsch, George 

Galley, George Jones, Joseph Hoar, Herbert Savory. 

7. Solo, Star Spaugh d Banner. Lawrence Mahoney. 

8. Recitation, Discovery Day. Arthur Lawrence. 

9. Song, Oh ! The Flag of Our Own Country. 

10. Acrostic, Columbus. Irving Feuno, Allen Osborne, George 

Casey, Robert Lange, Bertie Lee, Elwood Darling, Joseph 
Peterson, Samuel Fairfield. 

11. Song, Long Ago. Rudolph Liebsch, George Jones, George 

Casey. 

12. Recitation, Come Here, Boys, and See the Picture. Joseph 

Cahill, Walter Aherne, Michael Reardon. 

13. Song, Gray Dawn Is Come. Edmund Jones, Bertie Lee, Mat- 

thew Neary. 

14. Recitation, Story of Our Country. Robert Mason, Francis 

Condon, George Pitman, John Noonan, Ambrose Lynch, 
George I'helan, Hudson Darling, .Vrtiiur Sargent. 

15. Trio and Chorus. Bertie Lee, George Pitman, Edmund Jones. 

16. Recitation, Grandmamma's Verses. George Casey. 

17. Solo. What Land Is This? Elwood Darling. 

18. Recitation, American Flag. Ambrose Lynch, George Clark, 

Herbert Frye. 

19. Song, Flag of Our Nation Grrat. 



30 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

OLIVER SCHOOL. 

In the two upper classes, the story of Columbus was told 
by Florence May. Harvey Swan represented Cokitnbus* 
and Faith, Hope, Navigation, Astronomy and Science as 
special helpers of Columbus, were represented respectively 
by Fannie Copeland, Anna Hill, Eddie Rushford, Anna 
Mulligan and Addie Miller, in appropri:ite costume. Tina 
Eberson was the Goddess of Liberty, and Spain's queen 
"Fair Isabel," was Marion Pickering. Most of the boys 
took part in an historical dialogue, and Walter Heathcote 
recited "There are Many Flags in Many Lands." 

Besides the songs especially designated for the day, 
several other patriotic songs were sung. "The Star Span- 
gled Banner" was given as a solo by Mabel Douglass, and 
"The Red, White and Blue" by Margaret Millea, Lillian 
Wentworth and Edith Thomas. 

Bertie Hill gave the address to the children prepared 
for the purpose by Dr. W. A. Mowry. 

In the third classes, the programme was as follows: 
— Keller's American Hymn ; Columbus Acrostic, by Mabel 
Saul, Theresa Topiano, Jennie Enos, Sadie Wallace, Mar- 
tha Pickering, Nellie Mulligan, Blanche Young, Bertha 
McConnell ; Song of Columbus Day ; recitation, "The 
American Flag," by Jennie Enos, Nellie Mulligan, Mairgie 
Sullivan ; "Star Spangled Banner" ; Marching with flags ; 
recitation, "There are Many Flags," by Helen Kenerston, 
Irving Rowley, Mamie Doliber, Josie Lynch ;]and school, 
"America." 

In the fourth classes, the exercises were similar and the 
following children took part : — Clifford Bragdon, Thomas 
Cooper, Blanche Pierce, Maud Norris, Geoi-ge Marshall, 
Nellie Billings, Lizzie Ingoldsby, John McCormick, Fran- 
cis Enos, John Mulligan, James Rea, Daniel O'Callaghan, 
Ernest Dumas, Joseph Burke, Le'codie Dumas, Eva Du- 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 31 

jK)tit, Lizzie Quiglov, Victoria Carbonc, Bertha Kenncy, 
Vinnier ShopMrd. Ktliel Xichols, Dennis Geary, Margie 
Qiiinley, Pliilip Finnegan, Sherman Lougee, Bartholomew 
Shea. 

W. P. Andrews, Esq., addressed the children. 

PICKMAN SCHOOL. 

At the out-of-door exercises Dr. Henry J. Gaffney read the Presi- 
dent's Proclamation and Mr. Charles E. Trow addressed the children. 

CLASS I. 

1. Scripture Selections. 

2. Prayer. 

3. Sonii, Columbia, my Land. School. 

4. Address, The Meaning of the Four Centuries. 

Raymond Gifford. 

5. Recitation, Columbus. School. 

6. Recitation, Whose Name To-day shall Honored be. Helen 

Cressy, Mabel Burne, John Millard, Douglas Holland, Mar- 
garet Lahey, Michael Niland and responses by school. 

7. Recitation, Columbia. Minnie Newcomb. 

8. Recitation, When This Old Flag was New. 

Florence Crowley. 

9. Recitation, The American Flag. Katie Deery. 

10. Recitation, Columl^us Day. Henry Keardon. 

11. Recitation, Our Flag. Mamie Andrews, Eddie McDonough, 

Alice Smith, John Wilson, Addie Arnold. 

12. Recitation, God of the Free. Raymond Gifford. 

13. Recitation, First Voyage of Columbus. Alice Hill. 

14. Song, Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean. School. 

15. Story of Columbus. Reading by 25 pnplls. 

16. Recitation, Oct. 21st. Nellie Lundergan. 

17. Reeitation, Our Country. Mabel Burne, Annie Ryan, Lena 

Cushing, Susie Dundes, Lizzie Lendall, Mamie Gurrity. 

18. Song, America. 

CLASS II. 

1. Singing, Columl)la (2 stanzas). 

2. Recitation, Long Ago. Grace M. Symonds and school. 

3. Story of Our Country. Arthur P. Evitts, Annie M. Hunt, 

Mary McDonough, Ernest R. Redmond, Kate O'Donnell, 
James Lahey, John Muck, James J. Carter. 



32 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

4. Song, We love our Country. 

5. Recitation, Discovery Day. ■William H. Procter. 

6. Singing, Columbia (stanzas 3 and 4). 

7. Recitation, Many Flags in Many Lands. School. 

8. Columbian Acrostic. Robert Ryan, Fred E. Scanlan, John Col- 

lins, Albert Symonds, James McCarthy, John W. Pratt, 
Joseph M. Lundergau, William W. Hennessey. 

9. Singing, Columbia (stanza 5). 

10. Recitation, Columbus. Arthur P. Bvitts. 

11. Recitation, Landing of Columbus. George R. Hussey, Ivah L. 

Carpenter, Elizabeth E. Furbush. 

12. Song, Father in Heaven Above. 

13. Recitation for Columbus Day. Helen B. Copp, Margaret J. 

Tobin, Mary F. Churchill, Katherine Rabbett, Mary T. 
Harkins, Paulina B. Narkoonsky. Response by school. 

14. Song, America (verse 1). 

15. Recitation, Our Fair Land Forever. 

Thomas J. Vaughn and school. 

16. Singing, America (stanza 2). 

17. Recitation, Our Land. Charles H. Kelly. 

18. Singing, America (stanzas 3 and 4). 

CLASS in. 
Prayer. 

Song, Columbia. 
Address. 

1. Recitations and Responses. Lulu Tobin, Lillie Larrabee, Agnes 

Domican, Jennie Ingalls, Abbie Dodge, Lucy Parker. 

2. Discovery Day. Lincoln Smith. 

3. Recitation, Our Flag. School. 

4. Salute. 

5. Discovery of America. Vesta Cooper, Emma Brown, Katherine 

Hanson, Willie Flynn, Ethel Gay, Maud Sawyer. 

6. Acrostic, Columbus. Clarence Gay, Ira Dodge, Frank O'Don- 

uell, Henry Jackson, Willie Heauey, Davis Huxtabie, John 
Deery, Joseph Slattery. 

7. Columbus. Willie Matthews. 

8. America. 

CLASS IV. 

1. Devotional Exercises. Scripture and prayer. 

2. Song of Columbus Day. Theron Brown. 

3. Address for Columbus Day. Teacher. 

4. The Flag's Welcome. May Arnold. 

5. Let Little Hands Salute the Flag. School. 



COLIMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 33 

6. Columbus. Thomas Bates (C), Gussie Durnin (0), Thomas 

Lahey (L), Stephen Brennan (U),*Mary O'Neil (M), Mary 
Duiulas (B), Florence Tadgell (U), Ethel Larrabee (S). 

7. Sous?, America. 

8. Freedom. Eddie Cody and Gertrude Goldsmith. 

9. Questions on Columbus. Teacher. 

10. Our Flair. Damon Elliot, Marie Tracey, Malcolm Cooper, May 

Arnold, Fred Mack. Chorus by school. 

11. Columbus Day. Eddie Cody. 

12. Tribute to Columbus. School. 

13. Three Cheers for Red, WTiite and Blue. School. 



PRESCOTT SCHOOL. 

EXERCISES BY THE SCHOOL ON THE SCHOOL-GROUNDS. 

1. Reading of the President's Proclamation. 

Mr. John D. II. Gauss, Committee of School. 

2. Raising of the Flag. By the Veterans. 

3. Salute to the Flag, Avith Pledge. 

4. America. 

6. Reading of Scriptures. Mr. Samuel G. Jones. 

6. The Lord's Prayer, in concert. 

7. Song of Columbus Day. 

EXERCISES OF GRADES III AND IV IX THE SCHOOL-HOUSE. 

1. Reading of the Address. Gordon Smith. 

2. Acrostic, Columbus. Leila Anthony, Bessie Knight, Ella San- 

born, Nellie Ryan, Grace Sneeden, Alice Sawyer, Annie San- 
born, Ilattie Pinkham. 

3. Story of Columbus. By 20 pupils. 

4. There are many tlags, etc. Florence Hayes. 
6. Discovery Day. Walter Towne. 

6. Song, Columbia, the Gem of tiie Ocean. 

7. Our Country. John Frj'c, Arthur Stamper. 

8. Long Ago in our oavu Country. By 8 girls. 

9. Columbia. By 4 girls. 

10. Sonnet, Columbus. By Nellie Messer. 

11. Flag Drill. Jennie Hooper, May Collins, Winnifred Mc Donald, 

Josic Call, Frank Kelley, Walter Saunders, Ernest Hohvay, 
Julian Hatch. 

12. Song, Our Flag is There. 

13. In 1492. Freeman Woodbury. 

14. Story of Our Country. 8 boys. 

HIST. COM.. XXX 5 



34 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 



16. My Country. 4 boys. 

16. The Nations now Gather. Chorus of girls, and solo by 

Nellie Messer. 

17. Our Flag. By 10 pupils. 

18. Columbia's Emblem. Frank Webb. 

19. The Flag of Our Own Country. Katharine Ryan. 

20. Song, Flag of the Heroes. 

21. Before all Lands, etc. Irving Sanborn. 

22. Christopher Columbus. Alice Woodbury. 

23. Song, Flag of the Free. 



GRADES I AND 11. 

1. Song, Columbia my Land. 

2. Narrative poem, Discovery of America. 

By 26 children of Grade 2. 

3. Hymn of Thanksgiving. Grace Collins, Bessie Harlowe, Pau- 

line Curtis, Paul Whipple, Francis Hayward, Ernest Learock. 

Grade 1. 

4. There are many flags. Grade 2. 

5. Song, Columbia the Gem of the Ocean. 

6. Recitation. Freddie Donovan. 

7. Story of Columbus. Ella Little. 

8. Acrostic, Columbus. Lillian Dickey, Mabel Swain, Margaret 

Little, Miriam Tigh, Bessie Knight, Mary Shute, Robertina 
Campbell, Lulu Stillman. 

9. Song, Flag of the Heroes. 

10. Recitation. Marian Pulsifer. 

11. The Flag of our own Country. Grade 1. 

12. Wave still in lofty air. Hillard Lovett. 

13. Flag of our nation great. Hawthorne Porter. 

14. Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag. 

15. Song, America. 



UPHAM SCHOOL. 

1. The President's Proclamation was read by the sub-committee of 

the school, C. C. Rhoades, at the out-of-door exercises. 

2. Selection of Scriptures by the Principal. 

3. The Lord's Prayer by the whole school. 

4. Reading of the address. Mary A. Wardwell. 

5. Singing, Hymn for Columbus Day. Rooms 1 and 2. 

6. Recitation, Discovery Day. Chester A. Goldsmith. 

7. Recitation, Christopher Columbus. All, in concert. 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 35 

8. Recitation, Story of Columbus. Room 2. 

9. Recitation, Acrostic. 

10. Recitation, Columbus. James Chute. 

11. Sinirinir, Star Spangled Banner. 

12. Addresses. 

ROOMS III and iv. 

1. Reading the Address. Ethel Ham. 

2. Singing, Hymn of Praise. 

3. Recitation. Ilarold Prince. 

4. Solo. Maud E. Prentisa. 

5. Recitation. 

6. Song, Flag of the Heroes. 

7. Recitation. 

8. Flag of our Nation Great. 

9. Closing Speech. George E. Gifford. 

NAUMKEAG SCHOOL. 

The exercises at the Nauiiikeag school were entirely 
ditlerent from those at any other school. After joining 
with the Browne school in the out-ot-door exercises the 
children who are all French and can understand but 
little English went through an exercise of questions and 
answers which brought out all the Discovery story with 
short stanzas of poetry and recitations. There was a very 
pretty acrostic of C-o-l-n-in-l)-n-s by eight little girls. Mr. 
Collins read the proclamation. Miss demons read the 
scriptnres. JNIiss Wilson asked the questions bringing ont 
all the story and Miss Richardson and Miss Hopkins read 
the address prepared by Mr. Mowrj'. Each little one had 
a tiny American flag to help teach the lesson of patriotism. 

The day was celebrated by a number of private and 
parochial schools. Among them we tind in the daily 
papers reports of the following : 

The pnpils of the 

SALEM COMMERCIAL SCHOOL 

assemliled at their rooms in the Peabody building at 



36 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

9 o'clock, and were niarsballed upon thereof of the building, 
where, after the reading of the president's proclamation, 
the new flag was thrown to the breeze by a delegation 
of the G. A. R. After three cheers had been given and 
the students had pledged themselves to support their 
country's flag, "America" was sung and the school ad- 
journed to their rooms. 

Here, a most interesting programme was carried out. 
After reading a psalm responsively, and the ofiering of 
prayer by Rev. S. B. Nobbs, the Columbian hymn was 
sung by the school. Miss E. A. Tibbetts, the principal, 
then read the address on "The Meaning of the Four Cen- 
turies." Then followed an historical exercise delivered 
by eleven students, recounting the life of Columbus. 
The ode was read by Miss Myitie Chisolm. Mrs. Carrie 
S. Rogers read the "American flag." 

ST. JAMES SCHOOL. 

The scholars of Ihe St. James parochial school asseml)led 
in the vestry of the church. When seated, it was a pretty 
sight, the little ones in front dressed in white, with red 
liberty caps, the older ones next, with white caps, and the 
senior scholars in the very rear, with blue caps. Fathers 
Gray and Collins were seated upon the platform, and the 
sisters attended their several classes as officers. The ex- 
ercises opened with a salute to the flag. Then followed 
chorus singing, and solos by Misses Hendien, McGlue 
and DriscoU. Solos were also sung by Mary Kilcoyne, 
M. Hinchion, C. Sullivan, E. Cody, M. Ralph. Lizzie 
Cody read an essay on the life of Columbus. Annie 
Kinsella read a composition, "Isabella of Castile." An 
interesting feature of the exercises was the Centennial 
Ode, by Mary Connolly, Lena Driscoll and Mary Kilcoyne. 
The Te Deum was sung in conclusion, and Father Gray 



COLUMBUS DAY IN' SALKM. 37 

spoke briefly ot" the lite of Ci»Iuiiil>iis, liis trials and suo- 

ST. mart's school. 

The exercises bepin in the church, where high mass 
was celebrated by liev. Jainos Barrett. Te Deiun was sung 
by the choir and children, as was also the army hymn. 
To the tune America, sung b}^ choir and childicn, ac- 
companied by the Lafayette band, the children marched 
out of the church to the adjoining school-yard. The 
National tiag was carried by Master John Corbett. The 
banners of Columbus, AVashington, Harrison and Sheri- 
dan were carried i)y Masters John Lalor, William Mr- 
Sweeney, AVilliam Muri)hy and John Cronin. The band 
played Avhile the procession moved around the school- 
house and into position for the flag exercises. The chil- 
dren numbered a little over 400, the girls dressed in red 
mortar-board hats, while jackets and blue skirts, while the 
boys were dressed in blue sailor suits. "America" was sung 
by the school; the proclamation read by Master William 
McSweeney, followed by chorus, Red, White and Blue. The 
procession then moved thi-ough Chaiter, Central and Essex 
streets, escorted by a delegation from the Father Mathew 
association, Hugh F. E. Farrell, marshal, J. J. Connolly, 
assistant marshal. The school building was tastefully 
decorated with the National colors, and in the class-rooms, 
on the blackboards were drawings of "Columbus' Ship," 
"The First Sight of Land," "Columbus in Chains," etc. 
Owing to the building of the boys' new school, the school 
hall was not in condition to hold any exercises. 

The foregoing programmes of school exercises will serve 
to show how generally and with what enthusiasm this 
celel)ration of Columl)Us Day was entered into by the 



38 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

children of this city. In a majority of schoolrooms the 
blackboards were decorated with drawing^s ilUistrating in- 
cidents in the life of Columbus and portraying to the eye 
various important facts connected with his great discovery, 
such as, "Pictures of his Ships;" "Columbus looking for 
Land ;" "The First Sight of Land ;" "His Landing," etc. 
The ceremony of "Saluting the Flag" was performed at each 
school under charge of detachments from Phil Sheridan 
Post 34 G. A. R. It is clearly apparent that this celebra- 
tion was an important object lesson in the history of our 
country. It will never be forgotten by the children. It 
will serve to stimulate all patriotic sentiment and create 
an interest in historical studies. In its far-reaching eifects, 
perhaps the morning celebration was of more value to the 
country than all that transpired in the afternoon and even- 
ing. 

THE PARADE OF THE AFTERNOON. 

The parade which took place in the afternoon was one 
of the largest processions ever seen in this city. It was 
arranged in three divisions : the first being military and 
civic ; the second embracing various civic societies and 
the entire fire department with the veteran firemen. The 
third division was devoted to the trades and the various 
mercantile and manufacturing establishments of the city. 
The steam fire alarm whistles announced to the citizens 
the moving of the column. It was reviewed by the mayor 
from the steps of the city hall. 



COLUMRUS DAY IN SALKM. 39 



FOHMATION OF THE PROCESSION. 

Platoon of Police under comniiuid of Capt. Geo. II. Blinn. 
Patriarchs Militant Band. 
Escort, Saleui Light Infantry Veteran Association, 80 men. Capt. 
Georjie M. Whipple, commanding. 
Philip Little, chief marshal. 
CliMbrd Brighani, cliief of staff. 
The following gentlemen composed Chief Marshal Little's stall", John 
F. Hurley acting as color bearer: — A. L. Goodrich, Nathaniel M. 
Brown, William G. Kantoul, Beverly Rantoul, E. L. Peirson, Aug. 
N. Rantoul, H. F. Peirson, E. W. Hay, W. O. Sallbrd, L. F. Brig- 
ham, jr.. C. E. Phipptn, George West, F. C. Damon, W. W. Davis, 
Henry Sutton, O. B. Stone, C. II. Ilarwood, P. F. Tierney, G. L. 
Allen, J. J. Hartigan and John F. Hurley. 

FIKST DIVISION — MILITARY AXD CIVIC. 

Newburyport Cadet Band. 
2d Corps Cadets, M. V. M., Maj. S. A. Johnson, commander, 120 men. 

Drum Corps. 
Veteran Cadet Association, Maj. A. Parker BroAvu, commander, 05 

men. 
Salem Light Infantry, Co. H, 8th Regiment, M. V. M., Capt. II. F. Sta- 
ples, commander, 40 men. 
His Honor, the Mayor. 
The City Council. 
The school board and overseers of the poor. 
City Ofllcials. 
The U. S. Postmaster at Salem, Mass. 
Collector of Customs, at Salem. 
National Drum Corps, Beverly. 
The U. S. Letter Carriers' Association, 21 men. 
Salem Brass Band. 
Phil. Sherldun Post 34, G. A. R., W. H. Buker, commander, 125 men. 
Naumkeag Drum Corps. 
Lieut. Col. Mt-rritt camp, S. of V., Ciipt. W. T. Laugmaitl, 
commander, 35 men. 

SECOND DIVISION — CIVIC SOCIKTIES AND FIREMEN. 

George A. Chandler, marshal. 
Walter L. Harris, chief of stall'. 
Aids. — S. II. Bartlett, color bean-r; F. D. Kingsh-y, J. Smart, Wm. 
A. Thyng, Geo. E. Hill, F. W. Davis, 1. O. Taylor, G. A. N\ llson, 



40 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

F. E. Chase, C. E. Comer, A. A. Foley, Patrick Daltoii, Geo. W. 
Peach, H. K. Mansfield, G. W. Creesy, Samuel Webb, D. W. 
O'Leary, G. H. Thorburu, Geo. E. Teel, O. Weymouth, W. Shat- 
tuck. 

Saugus Drum Corps. 

The Father Mathew Total Abstinence society, Geo. Harrington, 

commander, 150 men. 

The High School battalion, C. Wesley Hobbs, 

commander, 90 young men. 

Salem Drum Corps. 

Union St. Joseph, 180 men. 

Peabody Drum Corps. 

North Star Lodge, Knights of Pythias, 28 men. 

Royal Enterprise Lodge, No. 189, G. U. O. O. F., 18 men. 

Ipswich Band. 

St. Jean Baptist Society, Napoleon Thibault, 140 men. 

First Regiment Drum Corps, Boston. 

The Young Men's Catholic Temperance society, 120 men. 

Float, Queen Isabella's jewels. 

Carriages. 

St. James' Cadets, Fred Jefirey, 70 young men. 

Witch City Drum Corps. 

Ancient Order of Hibernians, Div. 5, 45 men. 

Lafayette Band. 

Essex County Mass. Catholic Order of Forresters, 55 men. 

Lynn Cadet Drum Corps. 
International Order of Bricklayers and Masons, 80 men. 
Mechanic's Band, Essex. 

SECTION 2, FIRE DEPARTMENT AND VETERAN FIREMEN. 

Essex Band. 

W. O. Arnold, chief engineer, as marshal. 

Emery B. Skinner, James A. Lord, jr., Arthur P. Florentine and Jolm 

Pollock, assistant engineers. 

Steamer company. No. 1, Howard Kimball, captain. 

Steamer company, No. 2, William Andrews, captain. 

Steamer company. No. 3, John H. Nichols, captain. 

Hook and Ladder company. No. 1, Arthur Ober, captain. 

Hose company. No. 2, Samuel Stevens, foreman. 

Hook and Ladder company. No. 4, Daniel J. Sweeney, foreman. 

Hose company. No. G, Charles Williams, foreman. 

The apparatus, in the following order : 

Steamer 1, Chas. Chamberlain, driver. 



COLUMRUS DAY IX SALEM. 41 

Hose -wajron, William Tobey. driver. 

Steamer 1', Janu's Pollock, driver. 
Hose Avafjoii, A. H. Andrews, driver. 
■ Steamer 3, Michael Flynn, driver. 

Hose reel. 

Chief's team, Charles Sims, driver. 

Hook and Ladder Truck No. 1, Wm. Pollock, driver. 

Supply wagon, Robert Phippen, driver. 

Hose Wajron, No. 2, John Lowrey, driver. 

Hose Wajion, No. 4, John JeflVey, driver. 

Hose WaLfon, No. 6, James Roundy, driver. 

Excelsior Drum Corps of Marblehead. 

The Salem Veteran Firemen association, Josiah B. Osborne, chief. 

Agawam Band. 

DIVISION 3— THE TRADKS DIVISION. 

William G. Webber, chief marshal. 
C. R. Washburn, chief of stall". 
Adjutant, Fitz W. Perkins. 
Color Bearer, J. H. Flynn. 
Aids:— Ellis H. Porter, C. F. Perkins, W. A. Swan, B.Frank Perkins, 
George W. Pickering, Edwin O. Foster, H. P. Gittbrd, C. W. Reed, 
Orrin Carey, S. IL Porter, George P. Woodbury, Everett E. 
Alley, S. H. Wilkins, J. M. Parsons, W. S. Wasliburn, W. Q. Dane, 
M. U. Flynn, J. M. Foster, George J. Kerr, E. H. Merrill, F. A. 
Wendell, W. S. Nevins, J. N. Peterson, Frank Wilkins, J. C. Mc- 
Donald, B. A. Gale, O. M. Harris, F. A. Lane, Jonathan Osborne, 
J. W. Dane, W. B. Mansfield. 

Agawam band of Ipswich, 25 pieces, C. F. Chapman, leader. 
Barouches containing the following members of the Board of Trade : 
Frank Cousins, president; E. A. Mackintire and W. C. Packard, 
vice-presidents; George E. Pearson, of executive committee; 
E. F. Brown, secretary; E. D.Jones, treasurer; J. Clillurd En- 
twistle, secretary; John IJ. Harding. 

FLORIST. 

George W. Cresaey. 

NKWSPAPERS. 

Salem Evening News, tally-ho and float. 

DRUGGISTS. 

C. II. & J. Price. 

MIST. COM,. XXX (J 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

GROCERS. 

Geo. Wilcox, 3 teams. 

Bennett Bros., 2 teams. 

G. H. Sargent, 2 teams. 

T. Hartuett, 3 teams. 

I. P. Harris & Co., 8 teams. 

I. P. Harris, Read & Co., 4 teams. 

Cyrus Jordan, 1 team. 

Chase & Sanborn, 1 team. 

Edward Bros., 2 teams. 

W. H. Knights, 2 teams. 

L. R. Pratt, 6 teams. 

W. S. Harris, 1 team. 

J. T. McNiff, 2 teams. 

J. D. Dalton, 1 team. 

DRY GOODS. 

Wm. G. Webber & Co., tally-ho. 

Almy, Bigelow & Washburn, 7 teams. 

Briggs & Wilkins, 1 team. 

J. C. Abbott, 1 team. 

Frank Cousins, diligence. 

Wm. Reith, barouche. 

COAL AND WOOD. 

Wm. Pickering, jr., & Co., 7 teams. 
S. T. Gourley, 1 team. 

FURNITURE. 

J. C. Casey, 1 team. 

J. Gamble, 2 teams. 

Salenj Kindling Wood Co., 2 teams. 

PROVISIONS. 

Geo. H. Averill, 2 teams. 

F. Porter & Sons, 4 teams. 

J. R. L'Africain, 4 teams. 

Osborne & Co., 4 teams. 

S. H. Porter & Co., 2 teams. 

O'Leary & Foley, 1 team. 

Naumkeag market, 3 teams. 

Ricliard Connolly, 2 teams. 

J. F. O'Keefe, 2 teaiils. 
Orrin Carey, team and ox 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 43 

"Warren Upton, 2 teams. 
Russell & Very, 2 teaiU3. 
Uptou & Eaton, 1 team. 

E. T. Upton, 1 team. 
Franklin Fish Market, 1 team. 

PAPER DEALERS. 

Phllbrlck & Perkins, 4 teams. 

PORK. 

J. A. Hard, 3 teams. 

CLOTHING. 

Nanmkeag Clothing Co., 1 team. 
Plymouth Rock Pants Co., 1 team. 

MEDICINES. 

B. S. S.Milton, 2 teams. 
W. n. Smith, 1 team. 

SEWING MACHINES. 

Wheeler & Wilson, 3 teams. 

PLUMBEllS. 

L. E. Millea, 2 teams. 

F. A. Wendell, 4 teams. 
C. H. Phippcn, 1 team. 
J. A. Andrews, 1 team. 

CLOTHING. 

Kent & Boynton, 1 team. 

BAKERS. 

John Hathaway, 4 teams. 

A. I). Buxton, 3 teams. 

L. W. Symonds, 1 team. 

P. Hartigan (horse shocr) 1 team. 

Richardson and Ramsdell, 1 team. 

Joseph St. Yves, 1 team. 

Ernest Priseault, 1 team. 

H. F. Curtis, 2 teams. 

Wm. n. JoU, 3 teams. 

J. W. Dane, 1 team. 



44 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

STOVES, ETC. 

James F. Dean, 3 teams. 
Wadleigh & Morse, 1 team. 

"W. S. Farmer, 1 team. 

J. S. Washington, 1 team. 

Geo. C Smith, 1 team. 

LEATHER AND SHOES. 

Salem Shoe Store, 1 team. 
J. F. Reynolds, 1 team. 
J. T. Flynn, 2 teams. 
J. Loring, 1 team. 
John Heffernan & Co., 1 team. 
Nugent Bros., 1 team. 
Dennis Brady, 1 team. 

ICE. 

Charles Julyn, 1 team. 
Dodge & Broughton, 1 team. 
J. B. Bradstreet, 1 team. 

HAY, GRAIN AND PRODUCE, 

E. H. Merrill, 5 teams. 

W. A. Cleveland, 2 teams. 

Abbott & Reynolds, 3 teams. 

Ropes Bros., 2 teams. 

John "West, 2 teams. 

MACHINERY. 

Vaughn Machine Co., 2 teams. 

Smart & Spencer, 1 team. 

Wm. F. Martin, 1 team. 

Paul B. Patten, 1 team. 

Locke Bros., 1 team. 

Eagle Foundry, 2 teams. 

OILS. 

T. F. Little Oil Co., 2 teams. 

U. W. Williams, 1 team, 

P. O. DriscoU, 1 team. 

People's Oil Co., 2 teams. 

Salem and So. Danvers Oil Co., 3 teams. 

Salem Waste Co. , 1 team. 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 45 

NK-\VS DKALER8. 

Radford & Goldsmith, 1 team. 
Merrill & Mackintire, 1 team. 

CKOCKEKT. 

George A. Fuller, 1 team. 
Wm. F. Perry & Son, 1 team. 

CARPENTEUS. 

A. F. Smith, 1 team. 

Pitman & Brown, 2 teams. 

Irving & Sage, 1 team. 

James Fairfield. 6 teams. 

BOTTLERS. 

Ephraim Provo, 4 teams. 
S. B. Winn & Son, 5 teams. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Bay State Dye house, 1 team. 
Salem Electric Lighting Co., 1 team. 

Salem Steam Laundry, 3 teams. 

Chas. E. Curtis, monuments, 2 teams. 

R. H. Kobsou, bicycles, 1 team. 

Favorite Night Lunch. 

Merritt & Co., express, 2 teams. 

J. J. Fopiano, fruit, 2 teams. 

Lee Bros. , furniture moving, 1 team. 

E. A. Perkins, livery, 1 team. 

Salem Storage "warehouse, 1 team. 

Salem file works, 1 team. 

Andrews, Moulton & Johnson, 1 team. 

W. H. Barnes, sewing machine, 1 team. 

T. R. Williams, teamster, 1 team. 

Union Pacirtc Tea Co., 1 team. 

B. F. Hill, agrictiltural implements, 1 team. 

Mrs. n. B. Goodhne, hair goods, 1 team. 

Owl Night Lunch. 

Carter, barber, 1 team. 

Salem & Essex Dye House, 1 team. 

Singer Sewing Machines, 3 teams. 

Wood Lawn Poultry Farm, 1 team. 

A. N. Locke, bicycle sulky. 



46 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

The procession passed over the following route : — starting from the 
north side of Washington square, passing through Pleasant, Essex, 
Central, Front, Washington, Dodge, Lafayette (east side), counter- 
marching at Loring avenue, Lafayette (west side), Washington, Bridge, 
North, countermarching at Orne, North, Federal, Boston, Essex, Flint, 
Chestnut, Summer and Essex streets. 



EVENING EXERCISES. 

The evening exercises at Cadet hall commenced at 7.45 
o'clock, with the rendition of Mozart's "Gloria" by the 
Oratorio society. Arthur Foote officiated as director and 
W. S. Fenollosa at the piano. 

Mayor Rantoul presided. 

The programme was as follows : — 

Gloria from Mozart's xn Mass. Salem Oratorio Society. 

Prayer by Rev. E. B. Willson of the North Church. 
Eichberg's National Hymn. Salem Oratorio Society. 

Oration by President E. B. Andrews, LL.D.,* of Brown University. 
" My native country," — from Suppe. 

Solo by Miss Margaret E. Kelly. 
The Hallelujah Chorus from Handel's Messiah. Oratorio Society. 



SOCIAL OBSERVANCES. 

The Second Corps of Cadets and Veteran Cadet asso- 
ciation held a banquet at Hamilton hall. 

The tables were presided over by Maj. Johnson, acting 
commander. Col. Hart being absent on the governor's 
staff at Chicago. At his right sat Alderman Philip Little, 
chief marshal of the day's parade. E. H. Frye, humor- 
ist, of Boston, gave a very pleasing entertainment, after 
which informal speeches were made. 

1 Published in full by the city With the "City Documents for 1893." 



COmMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 47 

At the conclusion of the parade the Salem Light In- 
fantry Veteran's association sat down to a lunch furnished 
by Cassell in the Infantry Armory. Short addresses were 
delivered by Mayor Kantoul, Major Whipple, Prof. D. 
B. Ilagar, Lieutenant Nathaniel Silsbee, Major Farless, 
Hubbard Breed, Geo. D. Bhippen and Adj't Reynolds. 
This company paraded with 87 men, and kept open house 
in the armory all the afternoon. 

A banquet was furnished by the Board of Trade to 
IMarshal Webl)er and his aids at Fraternity Hall, at the 
close of the parade. 

The Essex Court of Forresters held a banquet at their 
headquarters. James J. Murphy, chief ranger, was toast 
master, and after-dinner speaking of a patriotic order fol- 
lowed. 

The Salem Veteran Firemen, to the number of 115, 
enjoyed a banquet at the Essex house. Josiah B. Osborn 
was master of ceremonies. 

The Father Mathew Temperance Society cele})rated by a 
dance at their hall in Franklin building. The young men 
in charge of the dance were : general manager, Wm. E. 
Hill ; floor director, Joseph H. Tivnan ; assistant floor 
director, Jeremiah O'Keefe ; aids, Geo. Harrington, W . 
P. Walsh, James Burns, W. M. Shay, T. F. Lannon, 
James Crowley; reception committee, J. H. Tivnan, T. 
F. E. Nolan, Jere. O'Keefe. 

The Young Men's Catholic Temperance society held a 
concert and dance at Temperance hall on Warren street . 
The party was managed by floor director C. R. Gannon : 
assistant floor director, J. F. Mullen ; aids, P. Sweeney, 
J. O'Connell, W. Gannon, W. Carson, T. O'Keefe, J. 
Lucy, D. Flynn, G. Riley; reception committee, D. 
O'Brien, W. Looney, J. J. Saunders, C. Crowley. 

The Coluinl)Us clul) held a iI.iik'c al Aiinoi-y liiill. The 



48 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

floor director was Walter C. Kichardson, and W. C. Hig- 
gins, C. H. Dinsmore and J. H. Call officiated as aids. 

Naumkeag tribe of Red Men held a grand peace dance 
at Odell hall. 



THE DECOKATIONS. 

Decorations in honor of Columbus and the discovery 
of America were to be seen on every hand. Streamers of 
red, white and blue, and American flags floated in the 
breeze as well as the colors of Spain, from almost every 
building. On some buildings a single flag told the story 
of the great holiday and did honor to the great discoverer. 

The most elaborate and artistic decorations on any build- 
ing in the city were seen at the Essex Institute. In fact, 
nothing so elaborate and strikingly original had been at- 
tempted before in Salem. The work was under the direction 
of Mr. Ross Turner. The building showed nothing l)ut 
the Spanish colors, except in the shields. From each 
window were suspended streamers, caught in place by 
golden wreaths, and streamers extended from the roof in 
the front centre down to below the second story windows, 
forming a tent-shaped eflect. Underneath this, and rest- 
ing upon the top of the porch was a picture of Columi)us 
done in water colors, by Victor A. Searles. Surrounding 
this was painted a wreath of laurels intertwined with the 
Spanish colors, while in each corner was a shield, repre- 
senting the United States, the City of Salem, conmierce 
and navigation respectively. On the porch of the building 
Tested a bust of Columbus, a copy from the Vatican, Rome, 
and on the left of the porch was the coat of arms of Ar- 
rajron and Castile. On the right was the coat of aims of 
Columbus. 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 49 

Directly in front of tiie steps to the main entrance of 
the Institute .«?toocl a large painted inscription : 

Essex Institute 

14ft2. 1892. 

In honor of the Great Discoverer 

Christopher Columbus. 

First voyage Aug. 3, 1492. 

Second voyage, Sept. 25, 1493. 
Third voyage, :\[ay 30, 1498. 

This was executed in imitation of tapestry with the 
shield of the United States on the right, and the shield of 
Spain on the left. Back of the inscription, so as to com- 
pletely cover the steps to the building, was arranged a solid 
bank of palms and potted plants. 

The decorations of the Peabody Academy of Science 
were extremely artistic. The Spanish colors, held in place 
with wreaths of bronze, hung from every window of the 
East India ISIarine building. At the extreme right and left 
of the building, just over the second story windows were 
grouped the tlags of all nations representing the collections 
from many lands which the institution harbors. In the 
centre over the main entrance was a large scenic picture 
of the Santa Maria, by Mr. Koss Turner. The picture was 
enclosed in a border of tropical plants topical of the local- 
ity which Columbus first discovered, supposing it to be 
the mainland of America. This was surrounded by a 
wreath of oak and pine, and above all was the American 
eagle. The general effect was fine, and its maritime char- 
acter was significant of the institution. 

Porter & Son, Central street, decorated their market 
and restaurant in a striking way, introducing some original 
work. From over each door to the side of the building 
was drawn the American flag and under the centre hung a 

HIST. COLL. XXX 7 



60 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

painting of the American eagle holding a spray of olive in 
his talons. There were two of these pictures and both 
were painted especially for the occasion, the copy being 
the old custom house eagle just across the street. In the 
window was a very finely executed bust of Columbus cut 
from a cake of lard, and in front, done on the plate glass in 
colors were the Spanish and American flags. 

The Naumkeag Clothing Company had streamers of 
red, white and blue from the roof of the building in the 
centre to the sides near the ground floor. In the centre 
over the second story was a large picture of "The Voyage 
of Columbus," showing the mutiny on board the Santa 
Maria. 

William G. Webber & Co. had their Essex street 
front literally covered with the colors of the United States. 
The Spanish colors did not appear, but over the main en- 
trance rested a mammoth painting 10 x 25 feet, by Upham, 
in three sections, the centre showing an allegorical group 
of America, with a portrait of Columbus on the right and 
Washington on the left. 

Frank Cousins' Bee Hive displayed innumerable small 
American flags arranged in a string from the second story 
windows. In the first floor windows at the right of the 
main entrance was a picture of Washington, while next on 
the right was a picture representing Columbus before the 
court of Ferdinand and Isabella. These were framed in 
red, white and blue. 

The jewelry store of Daniel Low, corner of Essex and 
Washington street, showed thought and artistic taste in its 
decorations. The outside was festooned with the Ameri- 
can colors, in graceful lines. In the first window on Essex 
street was a water color of the Santa Maria, by Mr. Ross 
Turner ; this was enclosed in a frame of white and gold, and 
surmounted by a picture of Columbus from the Berlin 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 51 

Gallery, encased in a tine solid silver frame, all draped 
with the Spanish colors. The second window showed an 
American flag with forty-four gold pins for the stars in the 
Union. It was mounted on a white ebony stati' with a 
string of gold braid for cord. In the third window was 
a picture of the "Modern Witch," sailing gayly through 
space on a broom, side-saddle fashion, as the witches of 
olden times are supposed to have done. The picture was 
finely done in water colors and framed with a frame made 
entirely from ]Mr. Low's famous Witch spoons. 

Almy, Bigelow & Washburn did homage and honor 
to Columbus and Spain by blending the colors of Spain 
with the colors of the United States, in many an artistic 
curve, while above all floated the American flag. 

George A. Collins had a portrait of the "Great Dis- 
coverer," set in a triangular frame of red, white and blue 
l)unting. 

The Peabody Building and office of the Salem Even- 
ing News had streamers suspended from the top with the 
colors of Spain running about those of the states. Over 
the front entrance was a picture of Columbus, and the 
window of the News oflice showed a like portrait. 

AtT. A. Devine's, corner of Front and Lafoyette street, 
Columbus was shown on canvas in a difierent role from 
the "Discovery," pleading before the court of Ferdinand 
and Isabella. The huge painting which adorned the Front 
street side of the building showed "Columbus at the sur- 
render of Granada." It was tastefully draped in colors of 
both nations. 

The Salem Board of Trade rooms presented a pic- 
ture of Columbus with the colors of Spain as a base and 
of the United States overhead. 

The Plummer Hall building was not decorated, but 



52 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 

a cluster of Spanish colors were hung over the street, with 
two large American fia«jrs on either side. 

The stores of Henry Hale & Co. and Briggs & Wil- 
kins were festooned with bunting. In the window of the 
latter firm was a fine old picture, "The first sight of Land," 
showing the sailors, who in other pictures are represented 
in mutiny a few days before, falling on their knees and 
kissing the robes of the great Columbus. 

One of the most interesting portraits on exhibition among 
the decorations was displayed in the windoAV of E. V. 
Emilio. It was a Landing ot Columbus, a copy of the 
original picture in the collection of the Grand Duke of 
Tuscany, at Florence. 

The furniture stores of J. L. Lougee and W. C. Pack- 
ard & Co. were handsomely decorated with streamers. 



HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 



OF THE 



ESSEX INSTITUTE. 



Vol. XXX. April, May, June, 1893. Nos. 4, 5, 6. 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 



The one hundredth anniversary 
of the opening of a bridge be- 
tween Beverly and Salem was 
observed with great spirit on 
Monday, September 24, 1888. 
The occurrence naturally called 
forth a general expression of 
interest in the old structure, — 
in its history, — in the incidents 
of its building, — occasioning a display in itself worth going 
far to see, and commemorating an event by no means likely 
to be exaggerated in the estimate of its efiects upon the 
past and future growth of Southern Essex County. The 
weather was so unusual as to rise quite above the common- 
place, as a topic for remark. At the close of an excep- 

UI8T. COLL. XXX 8 (53) 




54 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

tionally rainy season, and of what was thought to be the 
wettest September of the century conimemoratecl, came 
eight whole days of incessant wind and rain, only inter- 
rupted on Monday and Tuesday long enough for the exe- 
cution of the admirable programme announced. The 
decorations were tattered and drijjping before they were 
removed. But on the historic day itself the skies were 
fair, and so remained until the last rocket was discharged 
and the last bonfire had burned out. The wind, which 
blew little less than a gale on Monday morning, gave way 
before night-fall to the calm which is indispensable to such 
a pageant, and resumed its sway again before Tuesday's 
sunset. 

The celebration was spontaneous and informal. Dining 
and speech-making — the bane of modern festivities — were 
discarded. From early dawn to midnight, the pictur- 
esque old bridge was seen by the thousands who gazed 
upon it from steam-car windows near at hand, or from 
water-craft floating about the bay, as well as by the other 
thousands who made it a duty or a pleasure to cross it 
once more that day, flaunting its streamers like the ship- 
jjing in the harbor, and decorated also with banners across 
its length, each inscribed with a bit of history or senti- 
ment. 

Perhaps the last time the bridge had appeared in gala 
dress before, was on the occasion of Lafayette's visit in 
1824. On that day in August there was a heavy rain- 
fall, in the midst of which Captain George Dodge, a son 
of the first vice-president, who was afterwards one of the 
presidents of the bridge corporation, marched over the 
structure in the ranks of the military escort, and on 
the centennial day, at the age of ninety-one, he crossed it 
again. Dr. John H. Batchelder, president of the Salem 
Board of Aldermen, who acted as chairman of the joint 
committee which arranged the celebration, was also on 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BKIDGE. 55 

the bridge as a lad to see Lafayette, and remembered a 
tr()()|)cr and his horse falliiiLr at his feet on the slippery 
plunking as the cortege went by. 

The first of the inscriptions seen on approaching from 
the Salem side read thus : 

Free inteucourse helps fraternal feeling. 

1788. 1888. 

And on the reverse of the decoration could be read : 

1788. What the Fathers bequeathed 
THE Sons will cherish. 1888. 

Upon the arch spanning the draw were these words, 
blazoned on either side : 

1788. 

First Pier raised May 3. 

Last Pier, September 6. 

Opened for Public Travel, September 24. 

Cost $16,000. 

At the Beverly approach, the inscriptions to be seen on 
the Salem end were reversed, so that the traveler, in 
crossing the bridge, found himself confronted by each of 
these suggestive legends in turn. For the day, the sign 
board once displayed at the toll-gate and bearing the rates 
of toll estai)lished by law, — it had long been a cherished 
relic in the cabinets of the Institute — was removed from 
its retreat on the walls of Dahuid House and restored 
to its familiar abiding place beside the draw. Over the 
landing on the Salem side, at the end of Ferry Lane, 
were these words : 

Ferry established between 
North Point and Cape Ann Side : 
20 December, 1036. 
And the legend, at the Beverly Landing — a "town land- 
ing" still, — much used within the last half century for the 



56 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

unladinof of fish in transit from the schooner's hold to the 
drying flakes ; a process of pitching with heavy forks from 
deep-sunk dories into tip-carts which stood, horse, cart and 
man, waist-deep in the sea, — was this : 

Ferry Landing, laid out by the Court of 
Sessions, 5 January, 1698. 

At night-fall the masses of interested spectators, far 
and near, compared in numbers with the population of 
the two municipalities engaged. A considerable police 
force, under command of City Marshal Hart of Salem, and 
another from Beverly under Chief of Police Woodbury, 
maintained order, and kept the concourse of pedestrians 
and of vehicles in constant motion. A new foot-way had 
been lately added on the eastern side of the bridge, the 
strength of which, not calculated for such an exigency, 
had not before been proved, and it was only by an ap- 
proach to the unreached desideratum of perpetual motion 
that the foot- way could be insured against the massing of 
spectators at eligible points, or the road-bed of the bridge 
against an absolnte blockade of carriage travel. Fortu- 
nately no accident occurred, and the enjoyment of the 
day was unalh^yed. Travelers who had seen the best 
the old world has to offer, — Venice in her evening beauty, 
— the "Italienische Nacht" of northern Europe, — the fetes 
about Lake Lehman at the ingathering of the vintage, — 
the torchlight processions of boats on the Rhine, — and 
trie midnight pageants which are conmion on the interment 
of the Swabian princes, — found something in the im- 
promptu display at Beverly Bridge which was wholly to 
their liking. Orne's Point and the Willows showed their 
beacon fires — the Bar, exposed by the low tide which 
made the promised procession of waltr-craft impossible, 
had its bonfire, and Rum's Horn Beacon its pyramid of 
flame. 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 57 

The contemporary press has chronicled the display 
with so much elaboration and accuracy of detail that 
little remains to say. From the water battery at the Ju- 
nipers all the way round to Tuck's Point, almost without 
a break, stretched one continuous cordon of sparkling 
points of tire, while from Joshua's Mountain to the Gas 
House wharf, picked out with <ras-jets and incandescent 
lights, and projected boldly against the sky, rose a forest 
of masts and electric poles, reflected in the sombre tide 
below, each bearing its tribute of bunting or of flame, and 
all brought into high relief, now and again, by some blaz- 
ing rocket or exploding boml). The harbor, being natu- 
rally the best point from which to see the show, was alive 
with flitting launches and long lines of moving dories, 
each bearing its lights and flags. The bridge stretched 
its low outline, as though festooned with strings of pearls, 
the powerful arc-lights flashing like larger diamonds, here 
and there, all mirrored in the tide. 

For most of the day, >rissud's famous Cadet Band had 
occupied a position near the Salem Ferry Landing, and 
on the Beverly side another military band was posted 
high in the air, at the top of Girdler's coal elevator, and 
from this lofty eyrie took up the strain in turn, like 
strophe and antistr()i)he in the old Greek chorus, so that 
from mid-day until almost midnight the air throbbed with 
n)artial music. The schools had been dismissed at noon, 
and the reverberation of a hundred guns, — Captain Du- 
chesney's Parrot Battery ordered there for the jiurpose, — 
fifty rounds at high noon, — fifty at sunset, — accented the 
common joy and made the startled sea-gulls flutter. 

During iIk; day a scow, manned with two sweeps and a 
steersman to scull, well enough representing the ferry boat 
of another century, })lied between the two sides of the 
stream, and an old chaise belonging in Peabody, which 



58 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

was said to have crossed the ferry in its better days, for 
it might well have tigured as the " one hoss shay" when 
the bridge was opened, made its trips across the planks 
under the guidance of our famous octogenarian huntsman, 
Benjamin Grover, who was arrayed in antique garb and 
furnished with a horse and harness of unmistakable archaic 
pretentions. 

The Dixey tavern, and George Cabot's house, where 
Washington was entertained at breakfast, were both, with 
other hospitable residences in Beverly, in holiday attire, 
and when the scene fitly closed at last, and the harvest 
moon rose slowly behind the islands and asserted her 
prerogative, a day of genuine and unique enjoyment had 
been added to the span of life. The Storm King, who 
seemed for the moment to have abdicated in the interest 
of hospitality and good neighborhood, resumed his sway. 
It was as though a curtain had been lifted on the brilliant 
scene and then let drop again. 

Why all this pride, pomp, circumstance? There are 
other bridges as old, — as costly, — as sul)stantial, — as pic- 
turesque. Southern Essex County would seem to be the 
limit of its importance, — ^^and its engineering, which chal- 
lenged the admiration of Washington, was long ago out- 
done by more modern achievements. Yet for us there is 
but one bridge. Let it burn to-night and you shall then 
appreciate its value. It would then be recognized as the 
missing link between two unique conmumities, — on the 
south side, Salem, — a city almost the oldest in the state, 
whether considered as to settlement or civic honors, — only 
PI} mouth ahead of her in ])irth, — only Boston before her 
as a city, — steady in growth, but slow, — rich in resources, 
— rich in history also ; and on the north, Beverly, eldest 
born of her many daughters, — rich also in tradition and in 
wealth, — knocking with some impatience already for ad- 
mittance to the sisterhood of Massachusetts cities. 



THE nriLDINO OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 59 

If one could tell us how many huiuliods of thousiuids of 
dollars Avorlli of valuables have passed the old bridge, 
north or south, in the year just closed, — how many loads 
of fuel and lime and bricks and lumber, — how many l)oxe3 
of shoes and bairels of bread stull's, — how many costly 
vehicles of i)leasure or profit, — we shoidd cease to wonder 
that it connnands our iutcrest. Or if one could count the 
loads of hay and kitchen truck — of animal and human 
food — which pass the old bridge in a twelve-month, and 
-which could, at present values, reach neither the Salem 
nor the Boston markets without it, — relcjrate all this to the 
old Boston road, by the Horse Bridge aud Dan vers Plains 
and Saugus, or try to move its Inilk across Bass River by 
ferriage or even by freight-car on the railway, and you 
shall see what the bridge meant to Rowley aud Ipswich, 
and Hamilton and Wenham, and Manchester and Glouces- 
ter, as well as to Beverly and to Salem — for which of these 
thrifty places would have been quite what they are with- 
out the bridge? 

The retail trade which now pays its tribute to Salem, 
from Beverly aud Manciiestcr, and Hamilton aud A\'i'U- 
ham, no bridge existing, nnist find acconnnodatiou else- 
where. Much of it is brought here even now by our 
neighbors who have heavy farming aud gardening pro- 
ducts to dispose of, and who if they did not sell them 
here, would take their trade to Boston. There would be 
Scant j)i()tit in larmiug aud gardening between the Mcrri- 
mac and Beverly if there were no access to the Salem 
market but a ferry-l)oat, — if the way to Boston remained 
what it was when the Port Bill and the Siege were starv- 
ing the little caj)ital into rebellion and enforced dependence 
on her neighbors ! 

The condition of travel jireceding the building of the 
bridge must be brietly sketched. Couant, ^\'oodbury and 



60 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

the rest had found their way to "Cape Ann Syde " in 
dugouts up Bass River, first landing near the river head ; 
then, in 1649, at Diaper's Point, where a highway and 
landing were established that year by the General Court. 
But John Stone, the son-in-law of William Dixey, had 
been licensed, Dec. 26, 1636, to maintain for the term of 
three years, a ferry between his house at "North Point" 
or the "Neck "and " Cape Anne Syde," and to charge a 
penny a passage for each inhabitant and two pence for a 
stranger. There was no provision for beasts of burthen 
nor for cattle. 

William Dixey took the ferry for three years, in Dec, 
1639 — " he to keep an horse-boate," and to have besides 
the fares above allowed, "for meeres, horses, and other 
great beasts, 6d. ; for goats, calves and swine, 2d." These 
were active, growing years. Mackerell Cove was enough 
of a village to be named in 1642. William Dixey certi- 
fies, Dec. 30, 1646, "that being imployed by y® towne of 
Salem to find out a way fro' th* towne towards Manchester, 
doe testifie that we found a way and made it sufficient." 

The five farms by the Great Pond Side Avere granted, 
1636. Bass River Side began to agitate for autonomy in 
1649, — got leave to form a church, 1650, — employed the 
Hibbards, Joshua and Jeremiah, as preachers and teach- 
ers about 1654, and was practically independent of Salem 
in 1659. 

Joshua Hibbard, from whom we may suppose Joshua's 
mountain to have derived its name, was preaching there 
from May, 1653 ; and Jeremiah, who lived in Lieutenant 
Thomas Lothrop's house, after July, 1654. This is the 
date of the capture of St. Johns and Port Royal. 

Woods' New England Prospect says that in 1639 the 
planters were getting their hay and corn from farms 
across the river and were using " cannowes " made of 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 61 

whole pino trees, "jiboiit two footo ami ii hiilf over and 
twenty tbote long." Ho says thoy are numerous and 
styles them " water-horses." 

But even after tiio establishment of a ferry, — with 
places of entertainment at either landing, — Stone's house 
making way for the Massey Tavern at the Salem end, and 
a platform and stable being established on the Beverly side, 
in 1752, with Dixie's, afterwards Leach's, Tavern just be- 
yond, — the ferry was still an obstruction to travel. When 
Ca[)tain Lothrop was killed at Bloody Brook, the authori- 
ties of the Colony appointed John Hathorne of Salem to 
connnand the Beverly train-band, and a remonstrance, 
which proved eliectual, gives as one ground ot objection, 
that " on account of distance and the inconveniency of the 
ferry, he is, in a manner, wholly incapable to be service- 
al)le unto us." 

The Ferry was at first approached on the Salem side 
by a briiUe-path or footway eight feet wide, — the width 
of a good sidewalk, — which followed the banks of the 
North River all the way down from Town Britlge, where 
Bridge street now enters Goodhue and Boston streets. 
This was most zealously guarded in the early legislation 
of the town. A long section of it was discontinued, March 
9, 17ti7, on the lading out of Federal street. In 17G1 
Miles Ward deposed that he had known and used it since 
IGKO. Portions of it can l)e traced at the end near the 
Ferry, along the upland east of the railroad bed, between 
Skerry and Conant streets, and in March street court u 
section of it probably survives. 

By an order dated 1644 — "such as have houses and 
lots Jiext the water-side shall maintayno a good way both 
for horse and man of eight footo broad at Iciast upon payno 
of presentm^ and line." Ensign Dixie kept the tavern 
on the Beverly Side in 1052 and promised the town to 

HIST. COLL. XXX, 'J 



62 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

keep the " countrie way in sufficient repayre for horse and 
carts" iu consideration that it be continued before his 
house. 

These lanes and footways were not rigidly located but 
were moved about from time to time. On the Salem 
side the marshy tract near the Ferry was apportioned in 
lots to heads of families as early as 1637, deriving its 
value from the thatch and flags which could be cut there. 
It was known as the Planter's Marsh. Landlord Gedney 
of the "Ship Tavern " had a twelve-acre farm, for the sup- 
ply of his hospitable table, a little to the southeasterly, 
and was allowed, in 1657-8, to fence in the lane, so he 
kept a footway open with gates and turn-stiles, through 
the fields towards the ferry, and paid the town forty shil- 
lings. In 1649 the lane is spoken of as a "highway " in 
exchange for the appropriation of which he is to " leave a 
way to the watering place." 

In 1644, George Emery was allowed to fence in this 
" highway leaving a stile or gate to goe to the water," and 
in 1657, it was ordered that Francis Skerry, a large land- 
holder on the neck, "doe forthwith remove his fence to 
the enlargment of the countrie way one pole into his 
grounds, and answer all damages to the town through his 
neglect," and again in 1680, having "enclosed a lane of 
the towne's by the Planter's marsh, and set his fence too 
far out by the Ferry, he must this year rectify." 

1639 was a year of progress. A state highway was 
projected and carried through from Newbury to Hingham 
and the Old Colony. The Colony Records for 1639 and 
1640 show its character. Dixey could no doubt do bet- 
ter with a tavern on the Cape Ann than on the Salem 
side, for all the heavier marketing which would be in de- 
mand and would choke up a ferry-way, such as hay and 
corn and kitchen gardeninoc were furnished from the north 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 63 

and east of Salem. He took the ferry for three years and 
set up the first liorse-boat. The fares were continued at 
"2d from a stranger : for townesmen or townedwellers 
Id a i)ieee : for mares, horses and great other beasts, six 
pence a piece : for goats, calves and swine 2d a piece." 
And this adjustment seems to have j;iven satisfaction for 
fourteen years, when in 1053, Richard Stackhouse, "for 
the relief of his familie, is to have the keeping of the 
ferry towards Ipswich" — and we find him there in 1659 
when the town desired an "Inlardgm'" of the highway to 
the ferry, and took forty rods of hind from "ffrancis Sker- 
ry" for the purpose, giving him in return twelve acres of 
upland. These cross-lot bye- ways would hardly satisfy 
our modern requirements — though they are conunon in 
the older parts of England, and for picturesqueness and 
romantic interest cannot be surpassed. They of course 
involved the removal and replacing of bars, whenever the 
way passed from one man's to another man's "propriety ;" 
gates were a later expedient, but few of the footways 
and bridle-paths so often met with in the old world are 
now without both gates and turn-stiles. John Massey 
kept the ferry in 1686, having built there in 1661. A 
new Ferry Lane was laid out in 1701 and was so called 
for the next half century. The tolls from the Ferry 
were appro])riated to the support of grammar schools 
in Salem. This was naturally regarded by Beverly as a 
grievance. Frequent protests were made, — notably a 
vigorous one in 1737, — but to no purpose. In 1783 bet- 
ter acconunodations were secured, — boats wore ordoicd 
on each side of the river at night and no more than double 
ferriage to be charged for the use of them. The Salem 
approach was, at great expense, reconstructed in 1784, 
in the hope of silencing the growing demand for a bridge. 
The time for more reliable means of conununication was 



64 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

at hand. Not merely the friction growing out of unsatis- 
factory management hastened it on, but the elements also 
were allies of the new dispensation. Very frequently the 
Ferry froze over ; not always so firmly as to be passable 
on the ice, but sufficiently to impede for days the passage 
of a boat. It was impassable in storms. In 1662 John 
Balch, a grandson of Roger Conant, was drowned while 
crossing in a tempest. 

Joseph Willard, a civil engineer who had passed nine 
years of his life in Beverly, where his father, afterwards 
President of Harvard College, was pastor of the First 
Church from 1772 to 1781, testified that the bridge prob- 
lem had been to him a subject of constant study during 
that period, and that he had made measurements on the 
ice in 1780. His results, with a map, are on file at the 
State House. 

At the close of the war of Independence the gallant and 
distinguished Frenchmen who had done so much in aid of 
our arms and hoped so much from us as a potent ally and 
as grateful beneficiaries, made haste to acquaint them- 
selves with the actual condition and resources of the coun- 
try. A party of them crossed this ferry, on their way 
from Newbury to Boston and their observations throw a 
side light upon our subject. 

The eminent French author, the Marquis de Chastellux, 
member of the Academy of France and a Major-General 
holding a command under the Count de Rochambeau in the 
allied forces of France in America, the familiar corres- 
pondent of Washington, who playfully addresses him as a 
"philosopher and a soldier," gives us a charming picture 
of the locality we are considering, as it looked to him and 
to his staff, in the autumn of 1782. In his "Travels in 
North America," the writer details a journey he made on 
horseback from Hartford to Portsmouth by the way of 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 65 

Concord, Lexiniiton, Ilaveiliill and Exeter and back 
throufrh Newbury and Salem to Boston, in company with 
his brilliant and distinKuished Aids-de-Camp, the Harons 
de Taleyrand, de Vandreuil and de Montesquieu. "Before 
you arrive at Salem," — the writer says, — "is a handsome 
rising town called Beverley. This is a new establishment 
produced by tonnnerce, on the left shore of the creek 
Avhich bathes the town of Sak'Ui on the north side. One 
cannot but be astonished to see beautiful houses, large 
warehouses, etc., springing up in great numbers, at so 
small a distance from a commercial town, the prosperity 
of which is not diminished by it." 

Here the translator, a Scotch gentleman then living at 
the "Sun Tavern" in Salem (where the Essex House now 
stands, known also before the Revolution as the "King's 
Arms" and later as "Goodhue's" from William Goodhue 
who kept it, although in the autumn of 1782, Samuel 
Robinson tigured as "mine host" of the "Sun Tavern") , in- 
serts this note : 

"The town of Beverley began to flourish greatly towards 
the conclusion of the war by the exti'aordinary spirit of 
enterprise and the great success of the Messieurs CoI)bcts, 
gentlemen of strong understanding and the most liberal 
minds, well adapted to the most enlarged commercial un- 
dertakings, and the business of government. Two of 
their privateers had the good fortune to capture in the 
European seas, a few weeks previous to the peace, several 
West Indiamen to the value of at least £100,000 sterling." 

The French author then adds — "We crossed the creek 
in two Uat-bottomcd boats, containing each six horses. 
In crossing, we could very plainly distinguish the opening 
of the harbour, and a castle situated on the extremity of 
the neck, which defends the entrance. This neck is a 
tongue of laud rumiing to the eastward, and coimected 



66 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

with Salem only by a very narrow sort of causeway. On 
the other side of the neck, and of the causeway, is the 
creek that forms the true port of Salem, which has no 
other defence than the extreme difficulty of entering with- 
out a good practical pilot. The view of these two ports 
which are confounded together to the sight, — that of the 
town of Salem, which is embraced by two creeks, or rather 
arms of the sea, — the ships and edifices which appear in- 
termingled, — forms a very beautiful picture, which I re- 
gret not having seeu at a better season of the year. 

"As 1 had no letters for any inhabitants of Salem, I 
alighted at Goodhue's tavern, now kept by Mr. Robinson, 
which I found very good, and was soon served with an 
excellent supper. In this Inn was a sort of Club of mer- 
chants, two or three of whom came to visit me ; and 
amongst others M. de la Fille, a merchant of Bourdeaux, 
who had been estal)lished five years at Boston." (Perhaps 
his translator was a member of this club. The date of the 
arrival of the Marquis de Chastellux at Salem, was Novem- 
ber 13, 1782. The translator had dined with Washing- 
ton at his headquarters in October and marched north 
with the French contingent. He records in a foot-note, 
his extreme regret at not meeting the Marquis on his so- 
journ in Salem. He was absent in Boston attending a 
Concert Hall Assembly. M. the M. de Chastellux did not 
leave Salem without visiting the ware-houses and shipping. 
About twenty sails were in port. In general, he says, the 
place has a rich and animated appearance. Towards noon 
on the 14lh of November, he mounted his horse and rode 
to Boston, surprised as ho says to see the town or suburb 
of Salem extending near a mile to the westward. He took 
the old Boston road, by way of the Bell Tavern.) 

It should be remembered that when there was no 
bridsre there was no Bridge street. It is difficult to re- 



TnE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. G7 

produce Bass Rivor mikI the Xorth River without a rail- 
road or a hridsro, — witliout a wiiaif in the foroirromid or 
a church spire in the distance, — no factories, no <;as works, 
no hives of varied industry, no monuments of skill and 
enterprise, — only ii chanj^eless monotony in the struir<j:ie 
for life ; nothing for the eye hut meadow and forest, a few 
fishing smacks, a score or two of cabins, here and there a 
patch of tillage, — luihroken snow in winter, — unl>rokcu 
dullness everywhere. Thus the poet })aints it : 

*' About the liorders of the Sea 
•' The sea-folk wandered heavily : 
" About' the wintry river-side 
" The weary tishers would abide." 

It is prol)al)ly an easier task for average imaginative 
powers to create out of nothing a scene which has never 
been, than it is to eliminate from the mind all trace of a 
familiar picture, and restore from fancy the scene which 
existed there l)efore the present picture came within our 
ken. But such was the Salem of the old planters. 

Bridge street, as we see it, had no being until 1789. 
The broad expanse of salt marsh extending from river to 
cove was first devoted as we have seen mainly to crops 
of Hag and thatch and meadow hay; invalual)le supi)Iies 
to a primitive population. Cabins which were encased 
in day-boards, — a word now corrupted or refined into 
cl:ip-])oards, for upon these outside strips of boarding 
Avas a[)[)lied, in lieu of mortar, a " rough cast" of clay 
called " daubbing," — an<l which were iml)eddcd, on the 
roof, under a mass of thatch, — perhaps the most pictur- 
esfpie and the n)ost unwholesome device ever hit upon for 
housing the human species, — rendered a tract of salt 
marsh near town well nigii invaluable to the first inhabi- 
tants, and this tract was long known as the " old [)lantcr's 
marsh." 



68 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

It had its clay pit and potter's field, and gradually 
came into the possession of a few large land holders, 
Francis Skerry, and later, William Bnrnett Brown and 
Benjamin Pickman and Dudley Woodbridge, being of the 
number. The lane leading to the town landing and ferry 
no doubt followed the bank of the North River because it 
was of essential iniportance for the taking of tish and 
clams for a food supply, and also for the general purpose 
of communication with the farms in North Fields and at 
Bass River Head and Cape Ann Side and Marl)le Har- 
bor, that there should be a free open passage-way skirt- 
ing the rivers. 

But wiien travel had grown and a bridge Avas to be 
built, directness between i)oint and point became the first 
consideration, and a broad straight avenue was laid out 
throuffh the marsh, and this at (mce attracted the attention 
of men of taste and means as an eligible place of resi- 
dence. The fine residences in Chestnut street and Wash- 
ington square were not then erected. A nol)le row of 
American elms, the finest trees we have for street deco- 
ration, was set out. 

The Woodbridges, a wealthy and prominent family, built 
the great brick mansion house at the corner of March 
street, — another great brick house, burned in 1864, was 
erected opposite, — the water views and landscape vistas 
in front and rear were much admired, — and for a time this 
northern street seemed likely to become the " court end" 
of Salem. But Captain Pickering Dodge, who had in- 
tended building there, and perhaps Hon. Dudley L. 
Pickman and Hinnphrey Devereux, Esquire, also, decided 
that another marshy tract between Essex street and Broad 
Fields was, on the whole, to be preferred, and accordingly 
erected some of" the stately mansions which have lent an 
abidinji charm and wide cclebritv to Chestnut street. 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDOE. 69 

The charter of the bridije was not secured without a 
stru2:i;le. The proposal to span the ferry-way witli a 
bridge came from Beverly. Naturally that town had the 
larger interest in securing an easy passage of the river, 
and naturally such a proposal, coming from another town, 
did not attract Salem. 

If we take up the movement and follow it through its 
historical periods, the grounds of objection and advocacy 
will in turn receive full justice. 

The archives of the Commonwealth, covering this time, 
furnish interesting reading. The first recorded move- 
ment for a bridge seems to have been initiated June 13, 
1787, by the execution of an agreement for stock. Its 
language well describes the situation. All but six shares 
were at once subscribed for. 

AGREEMENT OF THE SUBSCRIBERS FOR SHARES IN ESSEX 

BRIDGE. 

Whkreas, to obtain the easiest, safest and least expensive commu- 
nication between the inhabitants of clitlerent parts of a country, par- 
ticularly tliose of the most populous parts of it, lias always ))cen con- 
sidered as essentially necessary in order to facilitate commerce, to 
encourage agriculture and tiie mechanic arts and to accommodate in- 
dividuals : And whereas a bridge across tlie river running between 
Salem and Beverly would be of great convenience and utility to the 
Eastern parts of this Commonwealth, and to the public at large, and 
would greatly benefit the populous County of Essex, by enabling the 
inhabitants of the country towns to carry their articles of produce to 
market, and also to carry goods from thence, at a much less expense 
tlian they now do ; so that they would be al)le to sell to the inhabi- 
tants of tlie Sea Port Towns at a lower price, and buy their goods at 
a price something higher than they cou'd otherwise afford, and at the 
same time both parties make a greater profit to themselves : And 
whereas the towns of Salem and Heverly, beside being accommodated 
with a bridge in tlieir intercourse with each other, may expect to 
receive particular advantage therefrom by having tludr markets more 
plentifully supplied with the produce of the country, and thereby 
bringing new purchasers for their merchandise and more employineut 
to their mechanics and labourers : 

HIST. COLL. XXX 10 



70 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 



Now we, the subscribers, to promote the beneficial ends before 
mentioned, do each of us covenant, agree and engage with each other 
subscriber to this writing, that we will each of us become a proprie- 
tor in a wooden bridge to be erected across the river running between 
Salem and Beverly, and will take so many shares therein as are affixed 
to our names respectively, the whole being divided into two hundred 
shares, and such sums at such instalments, and at sucli times after the 
first day of December next, to pay and advance therefor to the di- 
rectors or managers who may hereafter be appointed, as shall be 
agreed on and voted by a major part of the subscribers, allowing to 
each subscriber as many votes as he has subscribed shares. 

The covenants and engagements before mentioned are upon this 
condition : that the General Court do incorporate us for the purpose 
of building said bridge before the first day of December next, upon 
such terms and with such privileges as shall be approved of and ac- 
cepted by a major part of the subscribers, each being allowed at the 
meetings to give as many votes as he has subscribed for shares in the 
bridge. 

In witness whereof, we have hereto subscribed our names, this thir- 
teenth day of June, Anno Domini, one thousand seven hundred and 
eighty-seven. 



John Cabot, ten shares. 
George Cabot, ten shares. 
Brown & Thorudike, sixteen 

shares. 
Joseph Lee, eight shares. 
Andrew Cabot, twelve shares. 
Zachariah Gage, six shares. 
Hugh Hill, six shares. 
Thomas Hovey, one share. 
William Homan, one share. 
Samuel Goodridge, one share, 
Thomas Stephens, two shares. 
John Lovett, 4th, two shares. 
Joseph Baker, two shares. 
Isaac Chapman, two shares. 
Benjamin Ellingwood, four 

shares. 
John Dike, one share. 
George Cabot, for Deborah 

Cabot, for five shares. 
Nathaniel Lanipson, one share. 
Josiah Batchelder, Jr., two shares. 
George Dodge, five shares. 



Wm. Gray, Jun^", three shares. 

N. Goodiile, two shares. 

John Derby, ten shares. 

John Saunders, Jun'', five shares. 

Jno. Appleton, two shares. 

Joseph Grafton, for E. H. Derby, 

Esq., four sliares. 
Joseph Grafton, one share. 
Thomas Davis, Jun'', two shares. 
John Dyson, two shares. 
Henry Williams, one share. 
Joseph Wood, one share. 
Israel Thorndike, for Daniel 

Rogers, two shares. 
BroAvn & Thorndike, four shares. 
Israel Thorndike, for Jacob Oliver, 

two shares. 
Joseph Grafton, for Edward 

TuUing, Esq., two shares. 
Wm. Prescott, one share. 
Jno. Tittle, one share. 
Nathan Dane, two shares. 
Nathan Leach, one share. 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 71 

John Fisk, five shares, provided Joseph Grafton, for Sarah 

the bridge is built where the Pickman, three shares. 

ferry now is. Jolin Dane, one share. 

Joseph White, three shares. Israel Thorudike.for Mary Bowles* 

Dudley Woodbridiie, ten shares. two shares. 

Joshua Phinimer, ten shares. George Cabot, three shares. 

John Saunders, three shares. Asa Leach, one share. 

, Benjamin Pickinan, live shares, Robert Haskell, two shares. 

if the bridge is built near ferry Larkin Thorndike, one share. 

lane. George Cabot, three shares.* 

Israel Thorndike, three shares.* 

♦Subscribed May 3, 1788, agreeable to a vote of the directors. 

A petition to the General Court, dated June 18, put 
the matter on these irrounds : " Inhabitants of the East- 
ern part of the Commonwealth, in passing to and from the 
great market towns of Boston, Salem and Marblehead, 
are either subjected to the inconvenience of passing a long 
ferry or obliged to travel several miles out of their way, 
over a very bad and unpleasant road," and "are mostly 
unable to transport any heavy goods or produce, the ferry 
being entirely useless for that purpose." 

It is an interesting fact that the first petition of Beverly 
to be set off from Salem, dated 1659, assigns the ferry as 
the only reason. 

At once Salem parties, opposed to the building of any 
])ridge, began to advocate as an alternative a l)ridge con- 
necting Orne's Point in North Salem, with Joshua's 
ISIountain in Beverly. 

On the 21st of June a town meeting w^as held in Bev- 
erly. The Orne's Point project was denounced as involv- 
injr a bridfje one-fourth greater in leuirth as well as cost. 
The representatives of the town were unanimously in- 
structed for a bridge, and to characterize the ferry as 
being " for carts and wagons totally useless." 

A printed blank ibrni of petition for the bridge was in 

' The Oriie'B Point project liud life in it us lute as 1807. 



72 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

circulation and numerously signed copies began to reach 
the State House. That from Ipswich was received June 
22 : from Gloucester June 27 : Newburyport, Boxford, 
Andover, Topsfield, Wenham, Manchester, Amesbury 
and Methuen joined the movement a little later, and all 
were unanimous for the bridge. Sixteen towns in the 
county had declared for it before November, leaving Dan- 
vers and a part of Salem alone in opposition. 

The declared object was to " facilitate intercourse with 
the opulent town of Salem." 

Manchester set forth her views in these words : A 
bridge had long been their earnest wish in order to reach 
Salem and Marblehead. "Eighty-five poor widows of the 
war, encircled with a numerous offspring of 135 fatherless 
children, are almost wholly supported in manufacturing 
cloths, nearly the whole carried by them to Salem market 
in exchange for raw material and food." 

Newburyport brought forward these reasons, in a doc- 
ument elegantly engrossed by an agent of the town, spec- 
ially delegated to push on the project : "All on the banks 
of the Merrimac are always intimately connected with 
Salem and Marblehead merchants, in ship-building for 
them, and in winter, when no water-ways are open, there 
is great inconvenience in transporting sails, stores, rig- 
ging, and goods taken in payment by them. Mails are 
delayed by the snow through Danvers, and there is 
trouble and danger from wind at the ferry. They have 
weighed the Salem remonstrance and think the objections 
imaginary. They are unanimous for a bridge at the ferry." 

Wenham, on a second vote, June 22, denounced the old 
Boston road as uneven and bad, and declared for a way 
which would take their produce through the heart of 
Salem. They desired a bridge at the ferry. 

Newburyport again pronounced her judgment, June 25, 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 73 

in these terms : " The way from this town aiul the whole 
eastern part of the state to the large commercial towns of 
Salem and Marlilchcad, is circnitons and sometimes tlonn- 
derous and had." It had been long the earnest wish of 
Newhurvport for a bridge, as asked for by George Cabot 
and others. 

Maiblehead decLired herself, Jnne 20. This was a town 
a little otF the line from Ipswich to Boston, bnt a seaport 
and market of the tirst imi)ortance. It was not very long 
since Marblehead had been a more important place than 
Salem. 1 

This was the verdict of Marbk-head. Iler freeholders, 
in tf)wn meeting assembled, declared that the l)ridge 
shonld be built, and that the place f»)r it was frojn Ferry 
Lane in Salem to the feriy-ways in Beverly. Rowley was 
" nnanimons for a wooden bridge at or nigh where y** ferry 
is now kept." 

Against this overwhelming current, gathering head as 
it moved along, stood, like a rock, the ancient, historic 
town of Danvers. The town, it will be rcmeml)ered, then 
comprised what is now Peabody, as well as Putnamville, 
Tapleyville, the Plains, the Village and New Mills. It 
■was a unit against the bridge. Single handed or with 
whatever help might oiler, it was resolved to tight to the 
last, and the n)assed ariay of Essex County was confront- 
ed in that anti(|ue spirit in which the town had sent its 
sons to Concord but a dozen years before, — the spirit 
in which an earlier strnrjgle over a biidjje had been foujjht 
out by the Roman Champions when they stayed the Vt)ls- 
cian Cohorts thundering at their gates : 

" For if they once may win tlie Bridf^c 
" What hope to save the town." 

•From 17r..") to 1775 MarMche.-Kl was second to Bohton alono in popiihilioii 
bouacs, families, taxable TahiatioD, touuaKO iii>d rorcigii cumuiercc. 



74 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

A glance at the map will show that they fought with 
reason. There were now no bridges over the Merriniac 
and in the problem to be solved, we may consider only 
the towns lying south of the river. From Newburyport 
and Ipswich there was a way to Boston shorter than that 
through Salem, crossing no ferry, and leaving wholly on 
one side the great towns of Beverly, Salem, Marblehead 
and Lynn. Chief Justice Sewall, when coming to Salem 
from Boston to attend the burial of Ex-Governor Bradstreet, 
April 2, 1697, in company with the Governor and other 
dignitaries, rode by the Butts, a brook near the old aque. 
duct sources, and was there met and escorted into town 
by a troop of horse, and a cavalcade of leading citizens. 

John Adams, when riding the eastern circuit as a young 
lawyer, in August, 1766, and visiting his brother-in-law, 
Cranch, then domiciled in the ancient house at the foot of 
Creek street, entered town by tiie same road, and by the 
same circuitous march Col. Timothy Pickering was 
obliged to move the Essex Regiment for Concord, on that 
hot day in April, 1775. They used the old country way 
between Boston and Ipswich. When Benedict Arnold 
marched for Quebec, though himself dining with a friend 
in Salem, he took his force by the same route through 
Danvers Plains and North Beverly. The Marquis de 
Chastellux when leaving Salem for Boston, in 1782, found 
no turnpike through the great pastures, but turned his 
horse's head at Buftum's corner, and made his way to 
• Danvers over the Boston road, now called Boston street. 

The heavy freight which now moves from Rowley, Ips- 
wich, Hamilton and Wenham, to Boston by the bridge, 
did so if at all in those days through the town of Danvers, 
crossing Lynn between Brown and Spring ponds and 
passing a ford or bridge at the iron woi'ks in Saugus. 
Endicott found no boat or canoe there in April, 1631, and 



TIIF. RIILDINO OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 75 

passed it on foot in October of that year; and Dunton, in 
168G, " rid to the river," usually crossed, he says, in a 
canoe, l)nt preferred a ferr}', as he had a lady ridinir he- 
hind him to Ipswich. Tliere was no ferry there until 
1039. 

Any proposition which would result in divcrtin*; travel 
from this accustomed though inconvenient line to another 
ruiuiing through Beverly and Salem and nearer ]\Iarl)le- 
head was sure to he resisted to the death by Danvers. 

The town met June 28 and again July 2, to remon- 
strate. A connnittee of seven was chosen to oppose and 
to employ counsel. Three Putnams, two Paiges, a Sliil- 
laher and a Fowler, comi)osed the connnittee. "i'lie river, 
they argued, was their only channel to the sea. They had 
five vessels in the Grand Bank iisheries and more to come. 
They iiad coasters from the east and tishermen in the bay. 
All trade and fisheries, they feared, would be discouraged. 
The Post Road to Boston, through Danvers by the Bell 
Tavern, is a mile nearer for eastern towns than by the 
Ferry. A bridge would not help an eighth part of the 
county, and to u demonstration will be greatly prejudicial 
to Danvers. 

An order of notice returnable in five days was served 
June 21) on Salem and Danvers, and even this dry de- 
tail has its features of interest. It is signed in the senate 
"S. Adams, Prefid." and bears interlineations and cor- 
rections in the tiemulous hand of that veteran king-hater, — 
the very hand once in the same old State House pointed 
at the vacillating servants of the crown, when he con- 
fronted them with the declaration that if they could re- 
move (me regiment of the Boston garrison they could 
remove two, and that the committee he represented would 
have both removed or neither. On the sixth of »Iuly a 
view was ordered at the equal expense of petitioners and 
remonstrants. 



76 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

Meanwhile Salem began to formulate a policy. A me- 
morial dated June 26, was tiled in the Senate two da}s 
later, signed l)y Joseph Sprague and many others, setting 
forth these views: "Boston is as near Ipswich and the 
towns east by Danvers as by the ferry ; the road is not 
quite so good ; the petitioners have subscribed for stock 
and will build a bridge from Orne's Point to Beverly, and 
ask to be incorporated for that purpose ; other towns 
would not have joined Beverly had they known that the 
same facility could be had at Orne's Point." 

This was followed by a town meeting July 3, which 
took strong grounds against the bridge. For the moment 
Danvers seemed promised the help of a strong ally. A 
committee of three was appointed to correspond with other 
towns, — to retain counsel, — to i)rotest, — to demand a 
view, — and to do what they might to defeat the bridge. 
Joseph S[)rague, Samuel Ward and Nathaniel Ropes were 
the committee, and, Oct. 21, they filed a remonstrance 
representing that the North Fields furnished two-thirds of 
the fishing business of Salem, — that thirty-two dwelling 
houses there belonged to fishermen, — that forty vessels 
belonged there, mostly engaged in fishing, — that the re- 
monstrants were wharf owners and property holders, and 
that this whole interest would be ruined by a bridge. The 
remonstrance was dated August 18, and the signers were 
between three and four hundred. It asked "for a bridge 
over Porter's River, so called, from Elliugwood's Head 
to Orne's Point, if your Honors shall find a bridge nec- 
essary for the public good." 

On June 27 a reaction began to make itself felt in 
Salem. A petition in aid of Geoige Cabot, dated on that 
day, is on file, bearing two hundred and seven names, and 
ainontjst them some of the best in the town. Elias Haskett 
Derby and Robert Stone and Joseph White signed it, 
with Forresters and Crowninshields and Pickmans and 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 77 

influential names enoup;li to irive new life to the bridge 
project. From this point the contest was waged with 
growing vigor. Tlie jjctitioners declare that they con- 
ceive it to be of tlie highest importance to establish an 
inland commerce and connection between the sea port 
towns and country for the exchange of commodities, to 
which the river is a great natural impediment, and tliat 
the puhlic at large will undoubtedly reap an essential 
advantage. 

On October 6, Mr. Cabot sent out to the towns a cir- 
cular letter, and had secured on the 25th of that month a 
favorable report from the committee to the General Court. 
This seems to have been considered in each branch, in 
connnittee of the whole, and although accepted by the 
Senate was rejected, with a pretty emphatic negative, in 
the House. It proposed a wooden bridge at least thirty- 
two feet in width, with a convenient draw to be lifted 
■without toll or pay, and a charter for ninety years. 

This temporary check spurred both parties to increased 
activity. On November 1, Mr. Cabot sent out a second 
circular letter. It was as follows : 

Nov. 1, 1787. 
To TfiE Selectmen ob' the Town of [^jVewburi/porf] 
To BE Communicated to the Town : 

Gentlemen : — In our Letter of the 6th of October, ^yo 
informed you of the Hearing We had been indidged with 
l»cfore a Committee of the Honorable Court on the 4th, 
5tli and (Hh of Sei)tember last at Salem — as AV^e are sen- 
sible that the Inhabitants of your town feel themselves 
deeply interested in the Suc(!ess of this Business, We 
think it proper to inform you of the Progress of it since 
that period and the state of it at this time — the Connnit- 
tee of the Honorable Court who consisted of very sensible, 

HIST. COLL. XXX. 11 



78 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

judicious and impartial Men, Men who were in all respects 
fully competent to judge of the Merits of the Cause, some 
of them being Persons accustomed to Rivers and the 
Cod fishery, after having viewed all the Grounds and 
heard the Parties fully and fairly, did determine unani- 
mously in favour of a Bridge near Beverly ferry — this 
Report being read in the Senate was objected to and a 
Hearing was had before that Honorable Body, after which 
the Senate accepted the Report 10 being for and 7 against 
the acceptance as We are informed ; it then went to the 
Honorable House of Representatives when We have had 
another Hearing and the Question being put this evening, 
"whether a Bridge over said River would be of Public 
Utility" it passed in the Negative, 89 being for the Ques- 
tion and the whole Number 193 — and as no Vote has 
passed for Liberty to withdraw the Petition we suppose 
the Papers will go up to the Honorable Senate again — 
during this Suspence of a decision of the two Houses We 
beg leave to suggest for your Consideration" whether any 
measures can be taken by your Town that may satisfy the 
Legislature that a Bridge across the River running between 
Salem and Beverly at or near the ferry ways would in 
reality be of that importance to your Interest which you 
have set it forth to be in your petition," for altho' We have 
endeavor'd to shew to the Honorable Court " that it wou'd 
in many respects greatly benefit your town and many 
others by facilitating an Intercourse with the opulent town 
of Salem," and altho' 16 towns in the County of Essex 
and half of the town of Salem have acted in favour of a 
Bridge at the ferry, yet We must acknowledge to you that 
it has not been in our power to obtain for them tiiat 
weight which their J^umbers, Interest and Ttesjoectahility 
led us to expect — so that the opi)osition of a part of Sa- 
lem and Danvers exposes us to a defeat in an Object of 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 79 

Public Convenience, so much wished for by every truo 
Friend to the Interest of the County of Essex. 

George Cabot, 
for the committee for erecting a Bridge, etc. 

The responses were prompt and emphatic. Manchester 
again memorialized the General Court, November 6, to 
this ertect : "It is difficult to express the surprise, the 
disa[)p()intmcnt and the degree of injury felt by the inhab- 
itants, and the anxiety and uneasiness caused by the fail- 
ure of so necessary an accommodation." They reiterate 
at length their former expressions, and add : " For about 
ten weeks in winter ail transportation by water ceases, — 
sixteen resi)ectable towns favor the bridge, earnestly so- 
liciting in suppcnl of the application, and only the single 
town of Salem, almost equally divided among themselves, 
wMth part of Danvers, oppose. The prayers and wishes of 
thousands are sacrificed to the objections of a few, which 
are rather imaginary than real." 

Wenham for the third time renewed her appeal. Im- 
pressed with the idea that there must be some mistake of 
facts, she prays further consideration. She represents 
herself with Ipswich and Rowley [Hamilton was then a 
part of Ipswich] as particularly interested from carrying 
produce to Salem market. The difficulties and delays of 
the ferry are only to be avoided by going a nmch greater 
distance over a rough road, through Danvers. For hav 
and articles of bulk there is no alternative. This makes 
upwards of four miles further to go. " Serious consider- 
ations doubly outweigh all the disadvantages ui'ged," — 
amongst them the " perils and terrors " of the ferry. 

Ipswich makes herself heard again. John Choate was 
specially connnissioned, in aid of the representatives of 
the town, to express the sense of the inhabitants. Novem- 
ber 9 thoy declare their great disappointment at the 



80 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

failure of the bill. They trade with Salem in land pro- 
duce, particularly hay, and bring back goods from the 
market. They also send fish and bait for fishing. They 
go by water around Cape Ann " in the clement season of 
the year." For the spring fares they'send a hundred and 
fifty tons of clam-bait. When only land carriage is possi- 
ble to Salem and Marblehcad, " the extra expense equals all 
the damage from the bridge." They find in the "unhappy 
difference and party spirit now prevailing at Salem" a 
reason fordoing at once what a majority of the county de- 
mands. Ipswich was then a shire-town with courts and 
county institutions and a f^imous bridge of her own and 
an ancient gentry. Her voice was potent. 

But the adversary had not slumbered. October 30 
the memorial of the Salem committee was submitted by 
Joseph Sprague, its chairman. The spirit of the opposition 
was clearly manifest. They represent the "distressed In- 
habitants of Salem " to the number of one hundred and 
fifty or one hundred and seventy-five, to whom internal 
peace and harmony had been impossible since the ill- 
judged proposal. "The most ancient town in the colony, 
— may it please your honors — our forefathers never would 
have placed themselves down here had they conceived of 
such an outrage." They quote scripture. They rise to 
eloquence and pathos. They summon law and history to 
their relief. Two-thirds of the fisheries of the town are 
involved. Euin, misery and dreadful discord stare them 
in the face, and all for a few inhabitants of Beverly. This 
is a last solemn appeal. They " prostrate themselves with 
all humility at the feet of your Honors' clemency and jus- 
tice " and present the evidence of Colonel Hutchinson, an 
eminent engineer, to show " what must inevitably fall 
upon us, if abridge is erected over Beverly ferry." 

Colonel Hutchinson's measurements showed that it was 



THE nUILDlXa OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 81 

seventeen poles nearer to go to Boston from the cast 
throuirh Danvors l)y the Bell Tavern, than it was by the 
Beverly ferry and through Salein ; that it was one mile 
nearer through Danvcrs over Felton's iiill, than through 
Salem over the ferry, — that it was more than three-fourths 
of a mile nearer, over the proposed bridge by New Mills 
in Danvcrs and by Bell Tavcin, than through Salcin over 
the ferry, and plans and ina})s showing incasinvincnts were 
submitted by both sides, which may now be seen ou tile 
at the State House. 

A list of shipping was given in by Captain Williams, 
showing the tonnage owned in the North river to be up- 
wards of three thousand tons, forty-three sails belonging to 
Salem, and live to New ^lills. Six were tisliing boats, two 
w'cre brigs of good capacity, and Captain Shillaber owned 
a shij) of three hundied tons there. 

To emphasize the lesson of these tigures, seven wise 
men of Medford were called as witnesses to show what 
their town was suffering from the just completed Mcdfoid 
bridge. 

Ca[)tain Shillaber, with one hundred and fifteen otheis, 
filed a remonstrance, N()veml)er 12, showing that the 
River was navigable for craft of two hundred tons burthen 
for near two miles above the Ferry, — that tive fishing ves- 
sels had been hitely built and fitted out at New Mills, 
which had landed, the present season, 2850 quintals of 
fish, and one still to hear from, — and that this fishery 
would be greatly injured, if not ruined, by a bridge. 

We come now to the last rally of the opposition. The 
Salem committee lile<l a memorial November 14, although 
that of October 30 had been declared to be a "last solemn 
appeal." Its tone was trenchant and aggressive. Five new 
petitions, it recited, had been presented for the bridge. 
They were from Ipswich, Manchester, Wenliaiu, Beverly 



82 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

and Newbuiyport. New matter had been advanced and 
so a new answer was called for. Ipswich with her one 
hundred and fifty tons of clam-bait comes in for a sneer, 
and Newburyport's representaticms about sails and rigging 
are dismissed as "flimsy talk." The memorialists recog- 
nize in the petitions the handiwork of George Cal:»ot, and 
accordingly these are of no consequence. They nrge the 
building; of a bridg-e at Orne's Point, and declare them- 
selves champions of the preservation of Beverly Harbor, 
"one inch of which is worth a fathom of the harbor at 
Marblehead." 

The General Court seems to have regarded these quar- 
ter-deck memorialists as better fitted to navigate in other 
straits than those of Legislation, for their intemperate pro- 
test was simply filed, and the Bridge Bill passed by both 
houses three days thereafter. Samnel Adams certified it, 
November 17, as passed by the Senate ; James Warren for 
the House ; and John Hancock a few days later approved 
it as Governor. It followed in form the Maiden Bridge 
bill of the preceding March, and the portions of it which 
were not purely formal were as follows : 

"And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, 
That for the purpose of reimbursing the said proprietors, 
the monies by them expended or to be expended in build- 
ing and supi)orting the said biidge, a toll be and hereby 
is granted and established for the sole benefit of the said 
proprietors according to the rates following, to wit : for 
each foot passenger one fiftieth part of a dollar; for each 
person and horse one twentieth part of a dollar ; for each 
horse and chaise, for each sulky or for each sley drawn by 
one or more horses, one eighth of a dollar ; for each coach, 
chariot, waggon or curricle one fourth of a dollar ; for 
each cart, waggon, sled or sley or other carriage of bur- 
then, drawn by one or more beasts, one tenth of a dollar; 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BUIDGE. 83 

for each whoelharrow, haiulcart or other vehicle capahlo 
of carrying a like weight with one person three hiiiulrcHllh.s 
of a dollar; for neat cattle, and horses exclusive of those 
roile or in carriages three iuindredths of a dollar each ; 
for sheep and swine at the rate of one twelfth of a dollar 
for each dozen ; and toll on Lord's days shall he doul)lo 
the above rates. And to each team one })crson and no 
more shall he allowed as a driver to pass free of toll ; and 
at all times when the toll-gatherer shall not attend his 
duty the gate or gates shall be left open. And the said 
toll shall commence on the day of the opening of the 
said bridge tor passengers and shall c(jntiinie for and dur- 
ing the term of seventy years ; at the end of which time 
the said bridsre shall be delivered up in good repair to 
and for the use ot this Government. 

"And all the said lamps shall be well supplied with oil, 
and lighted in due season, and those not at the draw kept 
l)uining until twelve of the clock at night, and also at the 
several place^ where the toll shall be received, lliey shall 
erect and constantly expose to open view, a sign or board 
"with the rates of toll of all the tollable articles, fairly and 
legibly written thereon in large or capital letters. 

"And whereas it is always deserving the attention of 
Government in acconnnodating the public and in ])rom()t- 
ing undertakings of pul)lic utility to guard as nuich as 
possible against inconveniences to any individuals, there- 
fore for renderins: the said bj-idjje as little inconvenient as 
})ossible tolhe navigation of the said river and lor facilitat- 
ing the passing and repassing of vessels through the said 
bridge : 

"Be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid. That 
the said i)roprief()rs shall build, and iluring the said term 
keep, a convenient and suilicicnt draw or passage-way at 



84 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

least thirty feet wide at some place in said bridge proper 
for the passing and repassing of vessels, by day and by 
niirht, ihrongh the said bridge, and shall also bnild and 
maintain in good repair a well constructed and substantial 
pier or wharf on each side of the said bridge and adjoin- 
ing to the draw, every way sufficient for vessels to lie at 
securely. And the said draw shall be lifted for all ships 
and vessels without toll or pay, except for boats passing 
for pleasure, and all ships and vessels intending to pass the 
said draw shall lie free of charge at the wharf or pier un- 
til a suitable time shall offer for passing the same. And 
the said proprietors shall during the said terra constantly 
keep at the said draw some suitable person or persons for 
lifting up the same for the passing and repassing of all 
ships and vessels with masts that shall not admit of a safe 
passage under the draw, and also an anchor placed in the 
bed of the river at a proper distance above the draw with 
a hawser of suitable size and strength, extending through 
tlie draw to another anchor placed at a similar distance 
below the said draw, which hawser shall always have the 
bite or middle part lodged at the draw ready for use to 
all vessels passing the draw either way, and they shall 
also constantly keep at the said draw a good hawser or 
rope not less than three inches in circumference, of suf- 
ficient lenofth to extend from the extremitv of the wharf 
or pier on one side of the bridge to the extremity of the 
wharf or pier on the other. 

"And be it fin-ther enacted by the authority aforesaid, 
that after the said toll shall commence, the said proprietors 
or corporation shall annually pay to the treasurer of the 
town of Salem or his successor in the said office the sum 
of forty pounds lawful money, as a full compensation for 
the ferry ways lately erected by the said town, the materials 
composing the same, and the emoluments arising from 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX IJUIDGE. 85 

said ferry. And to the treasurer of the town of Danvers 
in the said county or his successor the sum of ten pounds 
lawful money annually. 

"And be it further enacted, that if the said proprietors 
shall refuse or ne<j^lect for the space of four years after the 
passing of this Act to build and complete the said bridge, 
then this Act to be void and of no eflect." 

The corporators named were George Cabot, John Cabot, 
John Fisk, Israel Thorndike and Joseph White, three of 
the tive ])eiMg inhabitants of Beverly. 

A supplementary act was passed June 29, 1798, reduc- 
ing the width of the draw to eighteen feet, — regulating 
the weight of loads, and requiring the Proprietors to re- 
duce tolls on the Lord's day to week-da}' rates, to which 
they agreed in September. 

The bridge enterprise was now fairly launched. It had 
a sufficient capital, an influential l)acking and a charter in 
some respects moie advantageous than any before enacted. 

The proprietors were vouchsafed a corporate life of 
seventy years ; Maiden bridge secured a term of fifty years 
only and Charles River bridge but Ibrty. There was no 
bridge across the Merrimac. These corporators were to 
"do and suli'er all matters and things which bodies politic 
may or ought to do and sulfer," under the name of the 
Pro[)rietors of Essex Bridge, and to "make, have and use 
a common seal, and the same to break and alter at pleas- 
ure." The structure was to bo at least thirty-two feet 
Avide ; and "accommodated with at least twelve good lamps, 
four of which shall bo at the draw, and kept burning 
through the night." Neither the location of toll-house nor 
draw is fixed in the act. But the draw was naturally 
placed at the channel, which is the Jilum aquoi or boun- 
dary between Beverly and Salem, and a draw-tentler be- 

UIST. COI.L. XXX 12 



86 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

ing called for, it was found expedient to collect tolls there 
rather than at the two entrances of the bridge and to make 
the sinsle toU-ffatherer the draw-tender also. So a single 
toll-house was provided, in the form most used at turn- 
pike gates, built over tide-water, with sleeping room for 
an attendant, a projecting roof over the broad window 
through which collections were made, a hospitable seat 
beneath it, and a shelf inside for convenience in making 
change. On the side towards Salem was exposed, as the 
act required, a large painted board showing the legal rates 
of toll, and since this was a frequented spot, midway be- 
tween two great towns, a black-board was provided on 
which probate notices and publications of intention of mar- 
riage were affixed with wafers before the day of tack-nails. 
A long bar swung on a heavy hinge across the bridge, 
after the manner of the turnpike gate, and this was closed 
at midnight, or whenever, for purposes of rest or business, 
the toll-gatherer was for the moment off duty. 

The proprietors tirst meeting was at the Sun Tavern in 
Salem, December 13, 1787. Nathan Dane was moderator 
and William Prescott, clerk. One hundred and eighty- 
four shares were represented. The charter was accepted. 
Rules were adopted, twenty -two in number, few of which 
ever called for amendment. Under the charter penalties, 
not exceeding £4, might be affixed to the regulations. 

At this meeting an organization was eflected. Thomas 
Davis was chosen treasurer and sworn, and his bond fixed 
at eis2:ht thousand dollars. Seven directors were selected 
and clothed with large powers. Assessments, not to exceed 
one hundred dollars per share, might be called in, and if 
not paid within a fortnight, the delinquent shares sold at 
public vendue. A superintendent was provided for, and 
a toll-gatherer to be appointed by the directors and sworn, 
and to give bonds and make returns of toll to the treas- 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 87 

iirer every Saturday niizlit. The directors were to meet 
at least once each month until the work was completed. 
The proprietors were to meet on the day of o})ening the 
bridge, and on that day annually thereafter. They might 
vote by written proxy, and the tolls received were to be 
divided four times each year, after paying expenses. 

The first seven directors were George Cabot, Esquire ; 
John Fisk, Esquire; Mr. Andrew Cabot; Capt. Joseph 
White ; Edward Pulling, Esquire ; Capt. Joseph Lee and 
Capt. George Dodge, and on the following day, they met 
and elected l)y ballot George Cabot for president, George 
Dodge and John Fisk as vice-presidents, and again a few 
days after met at Leach's Tavern in Beverly. The grass 
did not grow under their feet. Before the first day of 
March these directors had purchased land at EUingwood's 
Point in front of Andrew Cabot's rope-walk, for a Beverly 
abutment ; had contracted for pine lumber and white oak 
timber ; levied an assessment of fifteen dollars per share ; 
advertised for contracts to build two stone abutments ; 
made terms with Lemuel Cox, an eminent English engi- 
neer, to huild the bridge ; and hired of Dudley Wood- 
bridge an acre lot on Ferry Lane in Salem for a lumber 
yard and work-shop. One contract for lumber provides 
that in case of war between France and England before 
the completing of the bridge, one shilling per ton more is 
to be allowed on three hundred and seventy-eight pieces 
of white pine timber. 

On March twentieth they applied to the Court of Ses- 
sions, for a laying out of the approach on the Beverly side, 
leading some rods from the old Ferry Landing, and they 
voted to [)ay Lemuel Cox nine shillings per day and his 
board [including punch] for superintending the work. 
On April first they purchased iron, cordag*', cait-wheels 
and spruce timber. On the twenty-fifth they added to the 



88 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

pay of Cox a gratuity of fifty-five dollars, the same to be 
drawn when the bridge was done, and provided him wMth 
quarters at the Tavern of Captain Asa Leach, who was to act 
as pay-master and assistant superintendent at five shillings 
for each day of actual service. They also contracted for 
building the Salem abutment for £70 and ten gallons of 
New England rum, and levied a second assessment of 
twenty dollars per share. 

In May and June the directors hold weekly sessions, 
generally at Leach's Tavern. Their pay-roll amounts to 
six or seven hundred dollars per week. Capt. Josiah 
Batchelder had surveyed and the Court of Sessions had 
laid out both the Beverly and Salem approaches to the 
bridge. The first pier had been "fixed" as they call it, on 
May third. Another assessment of twenty dollars per 
share was voted, June seventh. On July nineteenth the 
trouble with the English engineer, which had grown from 
the first, seems to have culminated and, "it appearing to 
the directors improper that Mr. Lemuel Cox should be 
continued in their service for any longer time, it was there- 
fore voted unanimously that he be discharged, and that 
the sum of fifty-five dollars being the whole of the gratuity 
promised to him, and his wages to this time, be paid to 
him in full." The supervision of the work for the remain- 
ing months was assumed by Capt. Joseph Lee, who de- 
clined compensation for this service and was, by the 
directors, on December 24, 1805, presented with a sil- 
ver pitcher suitably inscribed, of the value of three hun- 
dred dollars. 

With the advent of September the bridge was seen to 
be near completion. It was voted to call the proprietors 
together for the opening ceremonies at eight o'clock in the 
morning on the twenty-fourth of the month. "Such persons 
as have demands are notified to exhibit them to Capt. Joseph 



THE nriLDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 89 

Leo" before Septoni1)cr 20. The toll-keeper was to receive 
£l>0 i^cr year in full for his .'services aiicl any assistance 
calU'il for, and Capt. John Ashton was chosen hy ballot on 
the sixth of September, the day on which the last pier 
was put in place. Five assessments had been called in 
anu)unting in all to eighty dollai's per share, and the total 
represented a little more than the cost of the bridge, the 
excess being afterwards refunded. The great event draws 
near. The bridge is an assured success. The "Statutes 
of the Corporation" are invoked. Every share nuist be 
present or represented at the opening and the six shares 
unsubscribed for are accordingly sold at a great preiniuin. 
The £ssex Count)/ Mtrcnrt/ begins to add editorial com- 
Dients to the long series of official announcements it has 
l^ut before the public. On September 23 the Mercury 
says : "The passing over Essex bridge will commence 
to-morrow. To testifiy the pleasure of the Proprietors . . . 
they have determined to render the passing on the tirst 
day free of toll — to have a social and festive meeting ;it 
Leach's Tavern in Beverly — and to provide a liberal en- 
tertainment for the refreshment of the workmen, to whose 
industry it is owing that this great work has been brought 
to its present state in less than tive months from its begin- 
ning." From other statements it appears that the tiist 
stroke was struck May 1 ; tliat the bridge measured 1484 
feet without the abutments which added thirty-six feet 
more to the structure ; that it had ninety-three piers and a 
"draw thirty feet wide, Avhich plays with such ease that 
two boys of ten years old may raise it." It has a "breadth 
of thirty-two feet and is to be lighted with twelve Ameri- 
can lamps." "Only three persons have fallen from the 
Bridge durinjj its buildinir, two of whom owe their lives 
to the humanity and l)ravery of tiie same peison, ^Ir. 
Joseph Felt, who each time sprang from the Bridge into 



t; 



90 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

the river, and saved them from drowning." For this ser- 
vice a guinea was voted him by the directors. 

Nothing can give a more graphic picture of the finishing 
of the task than this little notice inserted in the Mercury 
of September 30. 

NEXT SATURDAY, 
At 2 o'clock in the afternoon, 

Will be fold at Publick Vendue, 

at the Rope-Walk in Beverly, 

WO Yoke of Oxen, a 
CART, two i8-feet BOATS 
almoft new, and a variety of articles 
belonging to the Proprietors of Elfex 
Bridge. 

September 29. 

Dr. Bentley chronicles the jubilation which greeted the 
result. The proprietors dined together at Leach's, where 
they were honored with the presence of His Honor, Lieu- 
tenant-Governor Levi Lincohi,and of the Honorable Jon- 
athan Jackson. The bridge was gay with the flags of all 
nations. The proprietors had no need to do much beyond 
opening the thoroughfare to the public, without tolls, on 
its natal day, for the sense of relief from the old ferry- 
boat passage which had sufficed since 1636 was quite 
enough. But the jubilant proprietors did their part, and 
the endless caravan then set in motion, consisting of market 
wagons and milk carts and hay loads, transporting the in- 
dispensable and bulky products of the kitchen-garden and 
the farm, has kept up the celebration night and day ever 
since. Dr. Bentley says " the concourse was great, and 
the several parties forgot their resentments on the occa- 
sion." 

But if the Bridge Proprietors supposed their troubles 
were at an end, they were mistaken. Repairs began as 
soon as the bridge was used and have been incessant. The 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 91 

SA'stcm of collocliiio: tdlls proved unsiitisfactorv. At llio 
first Jiniuial mooting the propiiotors votod to farm out tlio 
tolls for the next year to tlio liigliost bidclor. This system 
■was followed for twelve years, and hroniilit in a net in- 
come of between twenty-five hundred and three thousand 
dollars. Capt. Asa Leach tjenerally outbid all competitors 
for the lease and got it. One strange result of the system 
■was that ■when the proprietors desired to compliment the 
President of the United States by allowing him with his 
retinue to pass the toll-gate free, they ■were obliged to 
reimburse the lessee, and an item of seven dollai-s and 
eighty cents actually appears in their accounts, being paid 
to Captain Leach by the proprietors for the passage of 
George Washington with his escort and suite over their 
own bridge. 

Both currencies seem to have l)een in use at the same 
time. The clerk was allowed eighty dollars for his ser- 
vices the first year and the toll-gatherer ninety pounds. 
Even in the charter both are used. 

Their Latin was as good as their financiering. "When 
the "Standing Clerk" was absent from a meeting they chose 
a clerk "pro liac vice." Their seal was unique. It was to 
bear "an engraving of the bridge, upon which is a figure 
of Ceres with a horn of plenty, and l)eiu'ath in the water 
a figure of Ne[)tunc ; i)etwcen the borders the woids : 
Cekehi concedit Neptunus, 1788 : and within the same 
a label inscribed Essex Bridge." The phrase seems to 
have been invented by themselves to describe the conces- 
sion made by commerce to husbandry. The die of this 
seal, represented at the beginning of this paper in a cut by 
Mitchell, is of solid silver and, without much doubt, was 
the work of Paul Kovere. 

But if their scholarship and tinanciering were good their 
law was sometimes at fault. In 17'J2 the directors au- 



92 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

thorized a committee to sell both the old ferry-ways, and 
the proprietors at their next annual meeting undertook to 
confer on Dudley Woodbridge for fifty dollars a title to 
that in Salem. They probably were not long in dis- 
coverino^ that this transaction was ultra vires. 

The Beverly ferry-way is a town landing by immemorial 
prescription, and perhaps a county highway since 1698, and 
it is some fifteen rods removed from the northern abutment 
of the bridge. The Salem landing was held by much the 
same title, but by some unexplained process these propri- 
etors, in the absence of their great jurists, had persuaded 
themselves that they were the residuary legatees of the old 
ferry, since their charter obliged them to make annual 
compensation therefor.^ 

The ancient records put this matter beyond question. 
The Beverly landing was laid out by metes and bounds 
as a highway Jan. 5th, 1698-99. For sixty years, say 
Goodmen Gale and Massey, ferrymen summoned into 
court in 1694, it has been the King's highway. Of the 
Salem landino; enouo-h has been said. It was further east 
than the bridge ; the general trend of Bridge street before 
it bends westerly to reach the bridge, follows substantially 
that of the old Ferry Lane and will be found to be near a 
direct line across the Salem to the Beverly ferry landing. 
The Salem landing was put in fine order by the town of 
Salem in 1784, in the ho\)Q of discouraging the advocates 
of a bridge, and exceptionally low tides still expose some 
of the timl)er and stone work then placed on the flats, ex- 
tending quite to low water mark, and lying in the direc- 
tion of the Beverly landing. 

It was here, that the Massey Tavern, described by Dr. 
Bentley and Dr. Brown, opened its hospitable doors as a 

1 Nathan Dane was rarely pref^ent at this period and George Cabot removed from 
Beverly to Boston in 1793 and for a time dropped out of the adminidtralion. 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 93 

public resort for more thiin a century aiul disappeured in 
Deceiiihor, 18 IS, its oakcMi timbers as sound as ever. It 
was built in IGtU, two stories in height, the second pro- 
jecting, a long roof protecting it on the north and descend- 
ing nearly to the ground, its low windows fitted with 
diamond-shaped panes in lead sashes, its walls back-tilled 
■with brick and clay lining, and its chimney outside, the 
great ovens being visible from without. These opened 
into the sides of a capacious fireplace, large enough to re- 
ceive a four-foot back-log on its iron fire-dogs and leave 
room for children to sit on stools on either side looking up 
at the stars at night or sewing or reading by oil lamps 
hung; on the crane and filled with blul)ber. On the outer 
door, which was beside the chimney, hung a b()bl)in latch- 
string, which lifted the huge wooden latch and secured 
admittance. 

In October, 1795, Hugh Hill became a director, and 
William Gray in 1799. Moses Brown had already taken 
the place of George Cabot in the board in 1793, and Capt. 
Geoige Dodge had succeeded him as [)resident, but on the 
declination of Captain Dodge in 1807, George Cabot was 
again president for four years longer. The succeeding 
presidents were Moses Brown from 1812 to 1818: Dr. 
Joshua Fisher from 1819 to 1833 : Nathan Dane for 1834 : 
William Loach from 1835 to 1839 : Robert Kantoul from 
1840 to 1856, and Benjamin F. Newhall for the two re- 
maining years of the charter. 

The system of farming the tolls was soon abjuKhmcd, 
and after 1802 the pro[)rietor8 emi)loyed a salaiied toll- 
gatherer and divided their earnings, and these reached 
twenty-nine and a half per cent, the first year. The meet- 
injjs were now held in the chamher over the banking room 
in Beverly. 

The line brick mansion house of John Cabot was 
msT. coLi.. XXX. 13 



94 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

bought by the Beverly Bank on his removal to Boston, 
and has now been bequeathed to the Historical Society by 
the late Edward Burley. The bank occupied the first 
floor, the insurance oiEce the second, and Mr. Flagg's 
Classical School the third floor. In these rooms the directors 
held many meetings. Annual dividends of twenty-eight 
and of thirty per cent, were not uncommon now, and in 
1816 shares, upon which less than eighty dollars had been 
paid in, were sold at four hundred dollars each. 

It is necessary to remember that the stock of a bridge, 
whose charter expires by limitation, is a vanishing se- 
curity and that the proprietors had not only to secure in 
their dividends, the interest on their investment but, 
within seventy years, the principal sum also. 

In 1809, upon the disappearance of William Gray from 
the director's board, the enterprise was wholly in the 
hands of a Beverly Directory. The meetings were uni- 
formly held at the bank in Beverl}' and the deposits kept 
there. For a series of years there is nothing to break the 
unvarying monotony of the meetings. Repairs are inces- 
sant, and the access to the bridge at the Beverly end is 
never satisfactory. To provide for new planking, and the 
collection of tolls, — to re-elect ofiicers, declare dividends 
and dissolve, — constitute the whole work of proprietor's 
meetings. 

The bridge was elegantly dressed on Washington's 
birthday in 1793, a day of general jubilee at the begin- 
ning of his second term in the presidency, and a director, 
General Fisk, presided amidst salvos of artillery at a din- 
ner in Washington Hall, then occupied for the first time, 
an oration by Dr. Bentley at the North Church preceding 
the dinner. 

In 1810, the running of toll seems to have been the 
corporation's most serious grievance. Summary proceed- 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 95 

iiiljs were adojited. " Voted : thai any person or per?^on3 
who shall lorclMy or tVandulently pass the toll-gate with- 
out paying the legal toll shall pay a tine ofthirteen dollars, 
thirty-three cents and one-third of a cent," £4 being the 
legal limit of their power to impose a penalty. 

But more troiihlod experiences awaited them. With the 
year 1836 began the agitation for the Eastern Railroad, 
and the Bridge Corporation became at once involved in 
it. February 2, 183G, the lion. Robert Rantoul was 
voted a committee to represent before the Legislature the 
interest of the proprietors in the petitions of Thomas H. 
Perkins, el al., and George Peabody, et ah, and in Octo- 
ber, 1838, to confer with the road as to a location from 
Salem eastward. The property was now at its best. Votes 
were passed this year to improve the Beverly entrance, 
and to petition the General Court for an extension of the 
charter conditioned upon a reduction of tolls. The next 
year foot-tolls are reduced to one cent, and in 1839 a 
proposal was considered, in case the buildings at the 
northern entrance of the bridije could not be secured and 
removed, to ask the Legislature for leave to change the 
terminus of the bridge and to cooperate with the Eastern 
Railroad Corporation in ellecting that necessary improve- 
ment. 

Hon. Robert Rantoul was made President this year and 
for sixteen years following. Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, 
then residing at Wenham, and most active in state politics, 
was chosen a director in 1840. Protests at once began 
to be made against the free passiige of foot passengei's 
over the railroad bridi^e. Althoui^h the toll collected was 
but a cent, the amount was so great that in June, 1828, a 
fixed portion of the quarterly dividend had l)een declared 
payable in cojiper. 

But the '' ell'ectual measures " called for in repeated votes 



96 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

for suppressing free travel on the railroad bridge and for 
improving the Beverly approach to Essex Bridge and the 
railroad station opposite, were not destined to success, al- 
though the town was appealed to, in behalf of both of 
them. 

No attention to details was to avail anything now. The 
crossing of Bass River by the Eastern Railroad sealed the 
doom of the Bridge Company. Still the proprietors went 
through the ordinaiy motions of life, held annual meet- 
ings, elected officers with the aid of "scrutineers," de- 
clared such dividends as they could earn, until within a 
twelve-month of the end, lowered their tolls April, 
1846, to the following rates : 

" For each coach, chariot, wagon or curricle, fifteen 
cents ; for each cart, wag(m, sled or sley or other carriage 
of burden drawn by one beast, eight cents ; for each 
wheel-barrow, handcart or other vehicle, capable of car- 
rying a like weight, with one person, two cents ;" — made 
special terms with milk-carts and market-wagons, — al- 
lowed " a discount of twenty per centum on all tolls above 
fifteen cents each which have accrued or that may hereafter 
accrue from the proprietors of the stage now running be- 
tween Gloucester and Salem," — offered easy rates to an 
onmibus plying between Wenham and Salem, and to an- 
other conveyance plying between Beverly and Salem, — 
agreed to pass sheep and swine at five cents per dozen, 
— rejected unanimously tiie act passed by the Legislature 
of 1848 for their relief, only to accept it eight years later, 
— declared the bridge free to foot passengers, in 1856, — 
revolutionized the direction the same year, and petitioned 
for a renewal of their charter, — proposed commutation of 
tolls payable in advance at a reduction not to exceed one- 
third, — entrusted the whole discretion as to tolls and re- 
duced rates to special committees with ample powers, — 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 97 

failed to procure an extension of their charter, — hehl 
monthly sessions, — repaii-ed and repainted the hiidire and 
toll-house, — <rave notice to the Governor and Conncil of 
the Commonwoalth that the Directors will he ready on the 
twenty-fourth of September, 1658, to deliver up the hridije, 
— and thus, at the weird hoiu* of niidnii^ht, September 
twenty-third, made over the property in irood repair to 
tlie aixent of the State — the Tn^asurer and Receiver-Gen- 
eral takiuf; formal possession of it at nine o'clock the next 
morning, " to and for the use of Government." 

Hon. James Kimball of Salem was the agent appointed 
])y Governor Banks to receive and care for the bridge, and 
after ten years of experimenting it was tinally made free, 
together with every toll-bridge in the county, by act of 
June 5, 18()8, and assigned as a public higliway to the 
mnnicipalilies on each side of the river. 

The bridge has taken its place in literature and history. 
Poor Brissot de Warville, the ardent young Girondist 
leader, who tive years later lost his head for oi)posing the 
execution of the king, wrote, on crossing the bridge ten 
days alter it was opened, — "The construction of this ex- 
cellent wooden bridge, and the celerity with which it was 
built, give a lively idea of the activity and industry of the 
inhabitants of Massachusetts." The same distinguished 
■writer commends the mechanism of the draw and also notes 
George Cabot's "flourishing manufacture of cotton." The 
Duke de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt also si)eaks of 
crossing the bridge in October, 1795, on his return from 
a visit to General Knox at St. George's River, in Maine. 

Our tirst president was eminently a man of method. It 
was his hal)it from early years to make a record of the 
events of his daily life, kept on the blank leaves of the 
" Virginia Almanac," or in pocket diaries of convenient di- 
mensions. In a recess of the liist congress, extending 



98 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

from September 29 to the New Year, Washington indulged 
himself in a tour of the Eastern States, for which he had 
lono- been lookins: forward. He had not been east of New 
Y(nk since the siege of Boston. He left the capital Octo- 
ber 15, taking with him two secretaries, Lear and Jack- 
son, and traveled in his own carriage as far as Portsmouth 
in New Hampshire. He reached New York again on the 
13th of November. This is what he wrote about the bridge : 

1789— " Friday, 30th October. A little after 8 
o'clock I set out for Newbury-Port ; and in less than 2 
miles crossed the Bridge between Salem and Beverly, which 
makes a handsome appearance, and is upon the same plan 
of those over Charles and Mistick rivers, excepting that it 
has not footways, as that of the former has. The length 
of this bridge is 1530 feet, and was built for about £4500 
lawful money,— a price inconceivably low in my estima- 
tion, as there is eighteen feet water in the deepest parts 
of the River, over which it is erected. This Bridge is 
larger than that at Charlestown but shorter by * * * feet 
than the other over Mistick. All of them have draw 
bridges by which vessels pass. After passing Beverley 2 
miles, we come to the Cotton Manufactury, which seems to 
be carrying on with spirit by the Mr. Cabbots (princi- 
pally)." 

On this occasion and again in honor of Washington on 
his birthday in 1793, the bridge was gaily dressed in 
bunting. The public dinner and reception tendered to 
Timothy Pickering, by the Federalists of Salem, May 24, 
1808, was the occasion of another great demonstration 
there, as he passed it from Wenham escorted by a caval- 
cade of his admirers. 

Various writers have from time to time found a fruitful 
topic in the venerable bridge. Barton is probably right 
when he says that all bridges appeal to the fancy, from 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 99 

the moss-jjrown log: thrown across the brook in the meadow 
to that stiipoiidous product of •renins, indnstry and capital, 
stretched like a cob-web between New York and BrooU- 
lyn. He supposes our bridge to have been built for Imys 
'to tish from, citinjr the jxrooves alonj; its railinjjs in i)r()()f 
of the conjecture. It is, he says, the place of all others 
from which to see storms, comets, meteoric showers, yel- 
low days and balloon ascensions, and notes the fact that 
three rivers meet and tiow under it in harmonious consort 
to the sea. 

The bridge runs nearly north and south. The view at 
sunset up Danvers river, the middle stream of the three, is 
unsurpassed ; so is the eastern view at suiu'ise or by star 
light. An unknown writer, presumably a resident of 
Beverly, has added this: 

" From boyhood the bridge was always a factor in my life. 
I lived a mile away. I have i)rol)ably crossed it at eveiy 
hour of the day and night, — on foot and ahorse, — by chaise 
or stage, — in all weathers, — rumiiiig toll to see the Salem 
floral procession on'the Fourth of July or to keep U[) with 
the en<rine when the Franklin Buildino: or Concert Hall 
■were burning, — crawling imder the bar when closed for 
the night, after Signor Blitz or the Burning of Moscow, — 
freezing my windward ear on the way home fi-om a paity, 
when every plank and pier was as silver in the hoar-frost 
and moonlight, — rowing under it at half-tide to see the mus- 
sels with now and then a sponge growing on its slimy 
timbers, — sitting at home in the old living-room chimney 
corner to hear the elders read the latest numl)er of the 
current Dickens story until Pajje's staije came rumblinjr 
and clattering over the hollow planking, and the mail was 
in, and the household scattered some for bed and some for 
the post office. The bridge and I arc life-long friends 
and cronies." 



100 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

Hawthorne too has written about it, for it was a haunt 
of his, and the toll-house stove, with its circle of old sea- 
dogs, rehearsing there every winter's afternoon the perils 
they had passed, so often lured him that at last he was 
able to project himself into the routine life of the toll- 
taker and to depict the endless panorama unfolded each 
day before his open window. Here are musings from 
" Twice Told Tales " on the toll-gatherer's day : 

"In the morning — dim, gray, dewy summer's morn — the 
distant roll of ponderous wheels begins to mingle with my 
old friend's slumbers, creaking more and more harshly 
through the midst of his dream, and gradually replacing 
it with realities. Hardly conscious of the change from 
sleep to wakefulness, he finds himself partly clad and 
throwing wide the toll gates for the passage of a fragrant 
load of bay. The timbers groan beneath the slow-revolv- 
ing wheels ; one sturdy yeoman stalks beside the oxen, 
and, peering from the summit of the hay, by the glim- 
mer of the half-extinguished lantern over the toll house, 
is seen the drowsy visage of his comrade, who has enjoyed 
a nap some ten miles long. The toll is paid — creak, 
creak, again go the wheels, and the huge haymow vanishes 
into the morning mist. As yet, nature is but half awake, 
and familiar objects appear visionary. But yonder, dash- 
intr from the shore Avith a rattling thunder of the wheels 
and a confused clatter of hoofs, comes the never- tiring 
mail, which has hurried onward at the same headlong, 
restless rate, all through the quiet night. The bridge re- 
sounds in one continued peal as the coach rolls on without 
a pause, merely aifording the toll-gatherer a glimpse at 
the sleepy passengers, who now bestir their torpid limbs, 
and snuff a cordial in the briny air. The morn breathes 
upon them and blushes, and they forget how wearily the 
darkness toiled away. 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 101 

"AVhilo the woiUl is rousini? itself, we may <;ltince sliu^lit- 
ly at the scone of our skotcli. It sits above the bosom of 
the broad tlood, a spot not of earth, Itiit in the midst of 
waters, which rusii with a mui'nuirinj? sound amonj; the 
massive beams l)eneath. Over the door is a weather- 
beaten I)oard, inscribed with the rates of toll, in letters so 
nearly effaced that the gilding of the sunshine can hardly 
make them legible. Beneath the window is a wooden 
bench, on which a long succession of weary wayfarers 
have reposed themselves. Peeping within doors, we per- 
ceive the whitewashed walls bedecked with sundry litho- 
graphic prints and advertisements of various import, and 
the immense showbill of a wandering caravan. And there 
sits our good old toll-gatherer, gloritied by the early sun- 
beams. He is a man, as his aspect niiiy announce, of 
quiet soul, and thoughtful, shrewd, yet simple mind, who, 
of the wisdom which the passing world scatters along the 
wayside, has gathered a reasonable store. 

"Now the sun smiles upon the landscape, and earth smiles 
back again upon the sky. Frequent, now, are the travel- 
lers. The toll-gatherer's practised ear can distinguish the 
weight of every vehicle, the number of its wheels, and 
how man}' horses l)eat the resounding timl)ers with their 
iron tramp. Here, in a substantial family chaise, setting 
forth betimes to take advantage of the dewy road, come a 
gentleman and his wite, with their rosy-cheeked little girl 
sitting gladsomely between them. The bottom of the 
chaise is heaped with nmltifarious bandboxes, and carpet 
bags, and beneath the axle swings a leathern trunk dusty 
with yesterday's journey. 

"Now paces slowly from timber to timber a horseman 
clad in black, with a meditative biow, as of one who, 
Avhithersoever his steed might bear him, would still jouniey 
through a mist of brooding thought. lie is a country 

UlST. COLL. XXX H 



102 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BEIDGE. 

preacher, going to labor at a protracted meeting. The 
next ol)ject passing townward is a butcher's cart, canopied 
with its arch of snow-white cotton. Behind comes a 
'sauceman,' driving a wagon full of new potatoes, green 
ears of corn, beets, carrots, turnips, and summer squashes ; 
and next, two wrinkled, withered, witch-looking old gos- 
sips, in an antediluvian chaise, drawn by a horse of for- 
mer generations, and going to peddle out a lot of huckle- 
berries. See there, a man trundling a wheelbarrow load 
of lobsters. And now a milk cart rattles briskly onward, 
covered with green canvas, and conveying the contribu- 
tions of a whole herd of cows, in large tin canisters. But 
let all these pay their toll and pass. 

"And now has morning gathered up her dewy pearls, 
and fled away. The sun rolls blazing through the sky, 
and cannot find a cloud to cool his face with. The horses 
toil sluggishly along the bridge, and heave their glistening 
sides in short quick pantings, when the reins are tightened 
at the toll house. Glisten, too, the faces of the travellers. 
Their garments are thickly bestrewn with dust ; their 
whiskers and hair look hoary ; their throats are choked 
with the dusty atmosphere which they have left behind 
them. 

"No air is stirring on the road. Nature dares draw no 
breath, lest she should inhale a stifling cloud of dust. 'A 
hot and dusty day !' cry the poor pilgrims, as they wipe 
their begrimed foreheads, and woo the doubtful breeze 
which the river bears along with it. 'Awful hot ! Dread- 
ful dusty !' answers the sympathetic toll-gatherer. They 
start again, to pass through the fiery furnace, while he 
reenters his cool hermitage, and besprinkles it with a pail 
of briny water from the stream beneath. He thinks with- 
in himself, that the sun is not so fierce here as elsewhere, 
and that the gentle air does not forget him in these sullry 



I 



THE BUILDING OP ESSEX BRIDGE. 103 

days. Yes, old friend ; and a quiet heart will make a dog 
day toniporatc. lie lieais a weary footstep, and perceives 
a traveller with pack and statl', who sits down upon the 
hoi^pitahle bench, and removes the hat from his wet brow. 
The t()ll-ir:itheier administers a cup of cold water, and dis- 
covering his guest to be a man of homely sense, he engages 
him in profitable talk, uttering the maxims of a philosophy 
which he has found in his own soul, but knows not how it 
came there. And as the wayfarer makes ready to assume 
his journey, he tells him a sovereign remedy for blistered 
feet. 

"Now comes the noontide hour — of all hours, nearest akiti 
to midnight ; for each has its own cahnness and repose. 
Soon, however, the world begins to turn again upon its 
axis, and it seems the busiest epoch of the day ; when an 
accident impedes the march of sublunary things. The 
draw being lifted to permit the ^passage of a schooner, 
hiden with wood from the eastern forests, she sticks im- 
movably, right athwart the bridge ! Meanwhile, on both 
sides of the chasm, a thriMig of impatient travellers fret 
and fume. Here are two sailors in a gig, with the top 
thrown back, both puffing cigars, and swearing all sorts 
of fore-castle oaths ; there, in a smart chaise, a dashingly 
dressed gentleman and lady, he from a tailor's shop-board, 
and she from a milliner's back room — the aristocrats of a 
summer afternoon. And what are the haughtiest of us, 
l)ut the ephemeral aristocrats of a summer's day? Here 
is a tin pedler, whose glittering ware bedazzles all be- 
holders, like a travelling meteor, or opijosition sun ; and 
on the other side a seller of spruce beer, which brisk 
liquor is confined in several dozen of stone bottles. Hero 
comes a parly of ladies on horseback, in green riding 
habits, and gcMitlcmen attendant ; and there a lloc^k of 
sheep for the market, i)attering over the bridge with a 



104 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 

multitudinous clatter of their little hoofs. Here a French- 
mau, with a hand organ on his shoulder ; and there an 
itinerant Swiss jeweller. On this side, heralded by a blast 
of clarions and bugles, appears a train of wagons, convey- 
ing all the wild beasts of a caravan ; and on that, a com- 
pany of summer soldiers, marching from village to village 
on a festival campaign, attended by the 'Brass Band.' 
Now look at the scene, and it presents an emblem of the 
mysterious confusion, the apparently insolvable riddle, in 
which individuals, or the great world itself, seem often to 
be involved. What miracle shall set all things right 
again ? 

"But see ! the schooner has thrust her bulky carcass 
through the chasm ; the draw descends ; horse and foot 
pass onward, and leave the bridge vacant from end to end. 
'And thus,' muses the toll-gatherer, 'have I found it with 
all stoppages, even though the universe seemed to be at a 
stand.' The sage old man ! Far westward now, the red- 
dening sun throws a broad sheet of splendor across the 
flood, and to the eyes of distant boatmen gleams brightly 
among: the timbers of the bridge. Strollers come from 
the town to quaff the freshening breeze. One or two let 
down long lines, and haul up flapping flounders, or cun- 
ners, or small cod, or perhaps an eel. Others, and fair 
girls among them, with the flush of the hot day still on 
their cheeks, bend over the railing and watch the heaps of 
seaweed floating upward with the flowing tide. The 
horses now tramp heavily along the bridge, and wistfully 
bethink them of their stables. Rest, rest, thou weary 
world ! for to-morrow's round of toil and pleasure will be 
as wearisome as to-day's has been ; yet both shall bear thee 
onward a day's march of eternity. Now the old toll-gath- 
erer looks seaward, and discerns the lighthouse kindling 
on afar island, and the stars, too, kindling in the sky, as 



THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 105 

if but a little way beyond ; and mingling reveries of Heaven 
Avith renu'inbrancos of Earth, the whole i)roc*essi()n of mor- 
tal travellers, all the dusty pilgrimage which he has wit- 
nessed, seems like a flitting show of phantoms for his 
thoughtful soul to muse upon." 

It will be conceded that the personnel of this enterprise 
has been most distinguished. A work to which Nathan 
Dane and George Caljot and Genera] Fisk and Judge 
Prescott and Capt. Joseph Lee contributed need not 
blush for its i)aternity. Men of this stamp are not likely 
to go wrong in their estimate of the importance of a pub- 
lic improvement and the event, in this instance, justilied 
their sanguine expectations. The population of the two 
towns for whose immediate accommodation they jjlanned, 
was then about twelve thousand. It is now about forty- 
five thousand. The bridge has served us well for a cen- 
tury. But wooden bridges are fast making way for less 
risky and perishable contrivances. Should the population 
on the two sides of the river continue to increase for an- 
other century at its present ratio, the two cities linked 
together by this bridge will count a hundred and fifty 
thousand souls at the end of it. Mechanical advance is 
likely to outstrip the growth of population. What sort 
of structure will be fouud here in ld6ii is a matter of 
curious conjecture. 



JAMES EOBINSON NEWHALL. 

PEINTER, LAWYER, JUDGE AND HISTORIAN. 



A MEMORIAL ADDRESS BY NATHAN M. HAWKES. 



DELIVERED BEFORE THE LYNN PRESS ASSOCIATION AT LYNN, MASS., 
UPON THE ANNIVERSARY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S BIRTH- 
DAY, JAN. 17, 1894. 

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Lynn Press 
Association : 

The kind invitation to join you at your annual gather- 
ing upon Franklin's birthday gives me the fittest occasion 
that could occur to pay a tribute to the memory of your 
first President. 

I use the word fittest deliberately, and if you have 
patience to bear with me, and if I make myself intelligible, 
you will appreciate why I consider this the place to speak 
of your and my life-long friend. 

James Robinson Newhall, who died at his home in 
Lynn, October 24, 1893, needs no eulogium from those 
who survive him. He has left behind him a record that 
will shine when we and our words, even though they 
should be strikingly brilliant, shall be utterly forgotten. 
This will hapi)en, not because he was a great man in any 
common acceptation of the term, but mainly by virtue of 
the fact of his raakius' a more diligent use of the talent 
intrusted to him than most meu. 

A study of such a life, so well rounded out and ac- 

(106) 



JAMES ROBINSON NEWllALL. 107 

complisheil, if oven iinpoifVctly trac'cd, cannot l)iit be an 
incentive to cnuilalion by others. 

To say that he was born of "poor but lione.><t" parents 
■would l>e but to utter a truism which might as well be 
uttered of any boy l)orn in Lynn on Christmas day, lb09. 
Everybody in Lynn then was poor, if by poor we mean 
the reverse of the modern sense of rich — that is, boing the 
holder of stocks, bonds or bank accounts. Everylxxly 
was poor in those days. The states had scarcely rallied 
from the drain of men and means that was occasioned by 
the War of the Revolution, when the gigantic struggle be- 
tween England and the Corsican marvel of war convulsed 
the whole civilized world. Between the upper and nether 
millstones — the common prey of France and England — 
the growing commerce of the infant re})ublic was swept 
from the seas and the whole country was impoverished. 
Two years before, Congress had closed the ports of the 
United States against the clearance of all vessels. Li the 
year of his birth. Congress repealed the "embargo law" 
and substituted an act of non-intercourse with France and 
England. 

The population of Lynn — and Lynn then included Lynn- 
field, Saugus, 8\vam[)scott and Nahant — at the time of his 
birth was only about four thousand. The people were 
farmers in summer and shoemakers in winter. 

The shoes made here in 18 lU numl)ered 1,000, 000 j)airs 
and were of the value of $800,000. By the United Slates 
census of 18D0, it appears that the aggregate value of 
goods, shoes and allied industries, amounted to over 
thirty-one millions. This takes no account of the new 
industry, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, which 
in 1892 produced a value ot over twelve millions ol dol- 
lars and employed, as its average number ol hands for the 
year, four thousand people, a number equal to the whole 
population of the town in 1810. 



108 JAMES EOBINSON NEWHALL. 

In another and better sense than the possession of mere 
dolhirs by his parents, the future writer of the Annals 
of Lynn was fortunate in his birth. With a modest 
pride in the stock from which he sprang — without which 
he would have been unfitted for what was destined to be 
his magnum opus — he said, in an autobiographical sketch, 
"his father's name was Benjamin and he was a direct 
descendant from Thomas, the first white person born here. 
His mother was a daughter of eToseph Hart, who descend- 
ed from Samuel, one of the first engaged at the ancient 
Iron Works. Both of his grandmothers were grand- 
daughters of Hon. Ebenezer Burrill, a man conspicuous 
in colonial times and brother of the beloved speaker. 

In the old Hart house, as in many another on the old 
colonial highway between Salem and Boston, was an open 
attic with boxes and barrels filled with quaint and curious 
manuscripts that the previous generations of occupants 
had left behind them. They were apparently of no value, 
yet they might be title deeds, or plans, or diaries, or 
papers that some time might be called for. So they were 
bundled away into the unused lumber room — nesting 
places or food for mice — till some charmingly loquacious 
Oldbuck of M()nkl)arns or an inquisitive boy should dis- 
turb their dusty recess. 

Reminiscences of tiie earlier days lingered about this old 
house when the Judge came upon the scene. Travellers 
belated or hungry on the way from Boston to the east 
often found shelter and food beneath its roof. The epi- 
curean Judge, Samuel Sewall of the Witchcraft time, has 
recorded in his diary his entertainment here on several 
occasions. Other guests of eminence lingered under the 
branches of the great button wood in the yard, partook 
of the ffood cheer within the house and discussed current 
topics. Some of the accunmlating paper litter that prob- 



JAMES ROBINSON NEWIIALL. 109 

al)ly troubled the c:iroful hoiisewiCo, thoui^h she did not 
venture to burn uiiytliinii: of writiiii^, in ly li:ive been left 
by guests and thus have had a wider lliaa mere local in- 
terest. 

How much the subject of our sketch found in the attic 
he never told anyone, but was apparently willing through 
his life for the matter to remain an o[)en question to 
mystify his readers. I have, however, more than a strong 
sus[)icion that he derived nothing from the dead written 
hand. 

At the age of eleven, as he wrote, he left the parental 
roof with his worldly possessions in a bundle-handkerchief 
to make his way in the wide world, his mother having 
died a year or two before and his father having a huge 
family to })rovide for. 

Before he was tifteen years old he had made his way in- 
to the office of the Salem Gazette — the leading newspaper 
establishment in the county — and was diligently learning 
the art and m^'stery of printing. Seventy years later he 
was true to his tirst love and it was still his work and rec- 
reation to set type. 

"We talk about trades nowadays ; ])ut the ol<l phrase 
"art and mystery" is vastly more appropriate, when we 
allude to the assembling of little pieces of lead in such a 
manner that the result is the expression of the best 
thought of the brain of man on the fair printed page. 
Where else are the brain-work and the hand-work so 
blended in such close touch, as when deft tingers trans- 
form bits of dull lead into golden thoughts that may be 
innnortal ? 

From the Gazette office, seeking a wider knowledge of 
book printing than our county then all'orded, he went to 
Boston, wliere, before he had reached his mnjority he be- 
came foreman of one of the principal book establishments. 

UIST. COM- XXX 15 



110 JAMES ROBINSON NEWHALL. 

One of his duties in this office was that of proof-read er — 
an important step in the practical training which was to 
fit him for authorship. 

A proof-reader holds a delicate and responsible position. 
Upon his shoulders the public pile errors of omission 
and commission, of compositor and author, bad spelling, 
bad grammar, bad rhetoric, bad punctuation, bad spacing 
and the myriad flaws that creep into printed matter unless 
the proof-reader is Argus-eyed. 

In the latest batch of published letters of Horace 
Greeley, there is one addressed to a young man who as- 
pired to the position of a proof-reader on the Tribune. 
Here is Mr. Greeley's appreciative tribute to the occupa- 
tion of a proof-reader, in reply to the application : 

As to proof-reading, I think a first-rate proof-reader 
could always find a place in our concern within a month. 
But the place requires far more than you can learn ; it re- 
quires an universal knowledge of facts, names and spell- 
ing. Do you happen to know off'-hand that Stephens of 
Georgia spells his name with a "ph" and Stevens of Michi- 
gan with a "v" in the middle? Do you know that Eliot of 
Massachusetts has but one "1" in his name, while Elliot 
from Kentucky has two ? Do you know the politics and 
prejudices of Oliver of Missouri, and Oliver of New York, 
respectively, so well that when your proof says "Mr. 
Oliver" said so and so in the House, you know whether to 
insert "of Mo." or "of N. Y." after his name? Would 
you choose to strike out "of Mo." and put in "of N. Y.," 
if you perceive the speech taking a particular direction 
respecting slavery, which shows that it must be wrongly 
attributed in the telegraphic dispatch ? My friend, if you 
are indeed qualitied for a first-rate proof-reader, or can 
easily make yourself so, you need never fear. But don't 
fancy the talent and knowledge required for a mere secre- 
tary of state, president, or any such trust, will be sufficient. 



JAMES ROBINSON NEWIIALL. Ill 

In the Boston office, tho young Newliull was in touch 
anil familiar with such men as Dr. Channing, Dr. Bow- 
ditch, Francis J. Grund, tlie Camhridge professors, N. P. 
Willis, Samuel S. Goodrich and other literary celeljrities 
of the time, of whom he treasured many pleasant reminis- 
cences which he had in mamiscript and was prci)aring to 
publish at the time of his death. 

Like other young printers of the earlier days, he was 
somewhat of a rover. From Boston he went to New 
York. In the Conference office of that city, then the 
largest in the country, he had the reputation of being tho 
fastest compositor in the office. 

In New York he did editorial work and in that city he 
learned much from the advice and friendly counsels of 
Major i\I. M. Noah, long known as the Nestor of the 
American Press. 

Those of the present generation who have seen tho 
Judge on the Bench of the Police Court, or assisting in 
the offices of his beloved church, or in social gatherings, 
or walking about our streets can scarcely realize the Bo- 
hemian life with which it was his fortune to mingle in his 
early manhood. 

Bearing in mind that he was free from the venial faults 
of youth, that all his life he was pure in thought and act, 
it sounds like romance to relate that one of his companions 
in midnight strolls in New York was the "Good Gray 
Poet," he, who wrote "My Captain," that eloquent lament 
that marks the martyrdom of Lincoln, in which were 
these lines 

" Exult, O! sliores, and riiifr, O! bells! 
But I, with mouruful tread, 
Walk the lieck ; my captain lies 
Fallen, cold and dead." 

and the same who wrote of himself, 



112 JAMES ROBINSON NEWHALL. 

" "Walt Whitman, a kosiiios, of Manhattan the son, 
Turbulent, fleshy, sensual, eating, drinking, and 

breeding, 
No sentimentalist, no stander above men and 

women, or apart from them. 
No more modest than immodest." 

Like that other printer, " Poor Richard," the world 
known philosopher, whose birthday you proudly remem- 
ber to-day, and like him a tramping printer in search of 
a job, Mr. Newhall wandered as far as Philadelphia. 

He orathered knowledsce of men and affairs wherever he 
went. He lectured. He came back to Lynn and bought 
the Mirror of his friend, Charles F. Lummns, the first 
Lynn printer, whose handsome face is placed beside the 
author, facing the title page of the last edition of the 
History of Lynn. 

It was in 1832 that Mr. Newhall bought the Mirror, 
the first paper printed in Lynn. It may be interesting 
to those whose daily labor is about the great presses 
and establishments of to-day to relate that he paid two 
hundred dollars for the whole establishment, which, as he 
has recorded, was quite as much as it was worth. 

When we say that the suI)scription list of the Mirror 
amounted to about four hundred, which number the new 
Item press throws off in a minute, and that all the work 
in the office, jobs, newspaper and all, could be done by 
the publisher and one hand, it is easy to see that in those 
days there was not a mine of gold or even of silver, in a 
Lynn newspaper. 

Not the least of the debts Lynn owes to Mr. Newhall 
is the kindly discriminating sketch which he has given us 
of Charles F. Lummus, the first publisher and editor of 
Lynn. 

The profession of the law, in which he settled down at 
last, shows something of the growth and broadening of 



JAMES RORIXSON NEWRALL. 113 

Lvnn (liiriiiir the lifetime of one individual. In 1808, 
tiio year liofore liis l)irth, Lynn's first lawyer came to 
town. This was Benjamin ^K'rrili. lie remained here, 
however, only a few months, when he removed to Salem, 
where he hecame an cmiuont and respected practicianer. 
In 1845, Harvard conferred upon him the degree of 
LL.D. 

Of his leaving Lynn, Mr. Xewhall has recorded, "The 
occasion of his removal froin Lynn, as he informed me, a 
few years hefore his death, was somewhat singular. A 
deputation of the citizens called on him with the request 
that he would leave the ])lace, it being apprehended that 
evil and strife would abound wherever a lawyer's tent 
was jiitched. He took the matter in good part and so(»n 
departed. The people of Lynn afterwaril made some 
amends for their uncivil proceeding, l)}"^ intrusting a largo 
share of their best legal business to his hands. He served 
them faithfully, and never seemed to entertain the least 
ill feeling towards any here. He died lamented by a large 
circle wlio had received benefits at his hand, and left a 
considerable estate. He was never married, which seeuu'd 
the more singular, as he was eminently social in his 
habits." 

In May, 1847, thirty-eight years later, when Mr. New- 
hall was admitted to the bar at an age, when most law- 
yers are at the period of greatest activity, there were 
only three lawyers in practice here. They were Jeremiah 
C. Stickney, Benjamin F. Mudgc and Thomas B. New- 
hall. 

Though few in number they were each able in their 
special lines of work. Mr. Mudge, who was the second 
mayor of Lynn, had an extensive practice, but his love 
for science was greater than that for the law, and he went 
west and became I'rofessor of CJeoloiiy and Associated 
Sciences, in the State Agricultural College of Kansas. 



114 JAMES ROBINSON NEWHALL. 

Hon. Thomas B. Newhall, the last of the three, became 
Judge of the Lynn Police Court upon its creation in 1849. 
At the same time Benjamin F. Mudge and James R. 
Newhall were commissioned as special justices. Mr. T. 
B. Newhall, through a long life, adorned other positions of 
trust, such as the presidency of the Lynn Mutual Fire 
Insurance Company and the Lynn Five Cents Savings 
Bank. He has the unique position of being the only man 
ever elected mayor of Lynn, who declined the office. 
This happened in 1854. He was then in the office of 
Judge of the Police Court, and rightly conceiving the two 
positions to be incompatible he declined the political 
office. 

Almost the last appearance in public of James R. New- 
hall, certainly the last when the members of the bar were 
with him, was at the funeral of his predecessor as judge — 
the Hon. Thomas B. Newhall — a few weeks before his 
own death. 

Mr. Stickney was, however, Mr. Newhall's particular 
friend. In his office he entered upon the study of law in 
1844. For him he had a strong admiration which almost 
had the character of the awe with which Mr. Stickney im- 
pressed younger people and indeed most people with 
whom he came in contact. 

Mr. Stickney was a graduate of Harvard. He spent 
forty years in Lynn, in active and successful practice of 
law. He was devoted to his profession. He might have 
been a Judge ; he declined to accept the office of U. S. 
District Attorney for Massachusetts tendered him by 
President Jackson. He only accepted such positions as 
would not interfere with his home work. He served in 
the General Court — that excellent training school for 
lawyers — two terms. He was our postmaster for fifteen 
years, then a position which added to the income without 



JAMES ROBINSON NEWIIALL. 115 

filehiiifj much time from ])usine.ss. He w.is the adviser 
of Mayor Hood and the authorities when wo took on the 
forms of city government; and, when the otiice was cre- 
ated in 1853, he was chosen as City Solicitor. 

The lives of Mr. Newhall and Mr. Stickney aflford a 
striking example of the utter transitoriness of the law- 
yer's fame. Men, even now scarcely past middle life, 
can recall the adroit, persuasive, thoroughly equipped, 
eminently courteous and courtly Stickney. It is far 
within the line of truth to say that he was as able an all- 
roimd lawyer as ever practised in Lynn. 

Mr. Newhall, himself, would unque.stional)ly have placed 
Mr. Stickney as the brightest legal luminary of Lynn, and 
have put a very deprecatory estimate upon his own 
rank. Yet such is the irony of fate that the student, 
■who evolved quaint stories of the early days from his 
brain and put them into type, will, by virtue of such 
■writing, ever be known as a lawyer, while the man who 
led the bar will not leave even a tradition after another 
generation has passed away. 

Law was not Mr. Newhall's first love nor his last. Sev- 
eral reasons induced him to essay the profession. Ho 
■was a first-class printer, ho was a trained editorial writer ; 
he was desirous of writing the Annals of Lynn ; he had a 
mission to preserve the traditions of his native town ; 
there was no money in journalism in the Lynn of his day 
and capital was lacking to accomplish his projected work. 
Law, at least in those days, was an eminently respectable 
calling, an occupation for gentlemen, and the successful 
career of his friend Stickney was an incentive for him to 
try it. He established a good ])ractice and was enabled 
to publish Lin or JeweU of the Tliird Plantation in 18li2, 
and the Jf/sfonj of Li/nn embodying and continuing the 
work of Aloiizo Lewis, in 18G5. 



116 JAMES ROBINSON NEWHALL. 

In 1866, Thomas B. Nevvhall resigned his commission 
as Justice of the Lynn Police Court, and Governor Bul- 
lock appointed James R. Newhall to the position. 

The bar of Lynn, when Mr. Newhall became Justice of 
the Police Court, was represented by the witty but erratic 
Isaac Brown, who had an oiBce on Chestnut street; Wil- 
liam How land, the careful conveyancer, at the corner of 
Munroe and Market streets; Judge Thomas B. Newhall, 
who, upon resigning the judgeship, established an oiEEce 
in the Ashcroft building at the corner of Market and 
Tremont streets ; Dean Peabody, now Clerk of the Courts, 
located in Frazier's building, corner of Market and Sum- 
mer streets ; Jeremiah C. Stickney and Miuot Tirrell, Jr., 
in Central square ; Eben Parsons, returned from merito- 
rious service in the army, also located about that time on 
Union street ; as well as your humble servant in Hill's 
building. 

What proportion of influence in attaining this position 
was derived from his gentle and eminently respectable 
life, his attainments as a lawyer, or the reputation ac- 
quired from his books, it is useless to speculate. The 
office, which was for life unless sooner resigned, gave to 
him, freed from the uncertainties of the practice of the 
law, a respectable income and allowed sufficient leisure 
to prosecute and accomplish his literary work. 

In 1879, he was seventy years old and resigned his 
commission. Quiet, sedate old Lynn had vanished. A 
modern hustling city with its ruder manners and babel of 
t(mgues had taken its place. The mild, scholarly, white- 
haired judge found the atmosphere and concomitants of 
the new style police court to be distasteful and discordant, 
to a man of refined tastes and gentle ways. 

He retired with the respect of all the good people of 
Lynn. Thence on, for thirteen years, he lived, till 



JAMES ROBINSON NEWHALL. 117 

the groat change came, a serene yet l)iisy life. His 
working hours were devoted to fresh literary composition 
and to bringing out now editions of his IliMori/ and Lin. 

In l;SM;i, being then seventy-three years oKl, he made 
the grand tour al)road, visiting the famous cities and re- 
nowned places in Europe, and extending his trip to in- 
teresting levantine points ; to Algiers and Malta on the 
Mediterranean ; and to Alexandria, Cairo and the Pyra- 
mids in Egypt. 

It was an eminently satisfactory episode in his life. 
Concerning it he wrote, "Though the tour was undertaken 
alone — for if alone one can, without let or hinderance, go 
how, when and where he pleases — he everywhere received 
such gratifying civilities as could only lead to regrets that 
he had not earlier in life thus experimentally learned that, 
after all, men everywhere will, on the whole, rather 
contribute to make others happy than miserable. Such 
experience increases failh in human nature, and ought to 
diminish self-conceit." 

Fittingly, many years ago (1854), the judge selected 
an historic spot for his home. Sadler's Rock per[)etu- 
ates the name of the tir.st settler in the locality, and of 
Lynn's first Clerk of tiie Writs. Upon the southwestern 
slope of this spur of porphyry, out of the adamantine ma- 
terial ot the hill itself, Mr. Newhall erected the conspicu- 
ous mansion which overhangs the old town, as pictures(juo 
as a Norman kee[) of feudal England. 

Environment counts for something. Mr. Newhall was 
not exemi)t from the rule that they who love most suffer 
most. He lost, by early death, a promising boy, hisoidy 
child. Thence on, his ambition was to leave to pos- 
terity a worthy i)ortrayal of the ancient town. 

Fortunately for us, he ditl not have to hurry his woik. 
Years of peace and comfort were granted him to dwell in 

HIST. COLL. XXX IG 



tiiat lofty a^nie — to watrii the jmn rwe over oW High Kock 
and «^ Ireyond the H'>. "*, and oJ**erre the jrrowth 

of Lynn, while he srto^. . „ .. ; ca*e in hi* cossy work-r(>(tm 
and »^ hi« own tyjie, from which nvj-re Uian two ituftmsmd 
ini(irc/tty\>fA \ni^m remain Xt* aitt^ the character of the 
re<:rr*^ti^/rj» f/( bh leUure hotmi. 

How mu/;h of our dric life one long life corer» I Lyim 
M one <jf the oldeiift of the Bay towni^i, yet thiii life i^u^ws 
how much of our jrrowth liaA Tieen in the present centary. 
We hare ahown our friend to have been the co-worker 
and associate with the fir*t lawyer who pot orrt hiK i^bingle 
here and with tlie flr«t printer who »et op hi» renera^de 
Kamaj/e f>re««, which, the judge «aid, hooked ai( if Frank- 
lin might have worked at it. 

The hor>k which hai» hueeparahly linked together the 
nameii of Alonz^/ Lewi«and Jarne^ K. Newhall, an<l ha« 
become a «tlan<]ard Ivia^hold itecemrty with our people, 
w called the IlUt//ry of L/ynn, It i« a wr/rk that ljear« 
testimony to lal>orir/tt« re^tearch on the part of it« crj>mpil- 
eri, edfpedallf of Mr. Lewis, who, in addition to antiqua- 
riao ta«te$», liad a rpjality which iii not usually allied with 
delring int/j the f>a!^. Mr. Lewii» ba<rl the imaginative 
Or; -'rly develofj^e'l, a4» the p' '^t would say. 

If . . written much hmUfry he :;._;.. .. re whilficA in 
what IK called in rhyme poetic Vusenste, smii h there allow- 
able, bat which in pn^/ite, and particularly in hhUme com- 
j>o«ition, i» nf/t penrjitt/;d. 

Kxcept the ifilnAnf^jfty desscriptive cJiaf4er», thi« wr^'k 
j« not hii^/ry in it« broad senile, that is, a $»tatement of the 
Wrth, growth and progre«i of the place, with ; M- 

cal inquiries resKpeetin^ caii»ei$ and effects, but ^ :.at 

it claimn to be, the annalii, which are simply the facts and 
event* of each year, in strict dbronoh>gical order, without 
observation.^ by the annaliist. 



JAMES ROBINSON XEWflALL. 119 

The historic p.irt of thi'S work, whatever its value, is to 
be credited to Mr. Lewis. Mr. Newhall took ihc Annals 
up where Mr. Lewis left them, that is, at the close of 
1843. Thence on, the work is wholly by Mr. New- 
ball. 

Critics may say that the Annals do not give a true per- 
spective of historic events or that things trivial occupy as 
much space as happenings that tend to color and affect the 
future. But that is not the fault of our annalist or any 
annalist ; it is inherent in this style of writing. The little 
events occur as well as the great acts, and it is the province 
of the annali-)t to V)e the recorder rather than the inteqire- 
ter or the prophet. 

For this kind of composition, Mr. Newhall was pecul- 
iarly well adapted. Always a lover of the lore of the 
ancient town, bis training had made him a swift tyf>eset- 
ter, an accurate prrxif-reader, and a discriminating editor. 
These were the very acquirements that are essential to 
him who would patiently, from day to day, and from year 
tt) year, select and jot down the occurrences of the locality, 
and sift and cull those things which somelKxly, by and 
by, may want to know about. Steady lus a clock from 
his very youth, methodical and painstaking even in the 
smallest details, he not only scissored and scrap-lxx^ked 
everything which his shaq> eyes saw, but he made an ex- 
haustive index without which such a lx>ok, however well 
written, is alm^TSt wholly valueless ; but with which even 
the dullest oarratiou of town life F>ecomes of value Uj the 
student. 

In arjdition to the Annals, in the 18^.5 edition, and more 
extensively in the 1883 and 1890 volumes, he gave many 
slight biographical sketches. The habits and ways of 
those who walked the l>oards of the 'itage before we came 
upou the scenes have a peculiar fasciiiatioo for us. What 



120 JAMES ROBINSON NEWHALL. 

he has done in this line has been well done and much that 
he has recorded in this vein would have been lost if it had 
not been for his pen ; that is, the personal incidents con- 
cerning many old worthies could not now be gathered by 
any living person. His own life covered a large part of 
this century and his retentive memory seized upon all 
that men, old when the century began, had to relate. 

In the History there are few sins of commission. Of 
course there are some sins of omission ; for instance, one 
which was called to my attention by the librarian of our 
public library, who had occasion to look for something 
relating to one of the foremost men'of Lynn of his time, one 
whom people not yet old can rememl)er, a man who held 
for twenty odd years'^what was then the most conspicuous 
public office — that of postmaster. Of Deacon Jonathan 
Bacheller not a word appears, save as one in the list of 
officers, in either edition. 

Exceptions, however, only prove the rule. Mr. New- 
hall's execution of his task is a creditable performance, 
but it is not a remarkable one. Somebody else might 
have had the plodding industry and literary taste and 
have done as well. 

Upon the writing of that book, Mr. Newhall could not 
have obtained the pedestal which he will in future occupy 
with students and scholars. Mr. Newhall's literary fame 
will be always secure. He wrote one book which will 
forever be a classic in New England bibliography. 

Lin or Jewels of the Third Plantation^ by Obadiah Old- 
path^ is a book, which, as we get away from *the ways, 
habits and speech of the period which it depicts, will 
steadily gain in value. 

In the second edition, the author acknowledges his ap- 
preciation of the manner in which the first was received 
and states, that one of the most flattering expressions cou- 



JAMES ROBINSON NEWHALL. 121 

cpniinir it ciiiiie from the lips of an nixt'd (Quaker preacher, 
•who, takinir him hy the hand, exi-hiimed, "I nm^t tell theo 
that I've i)oth laii<rhed and cried over thy hook." And 
then he naively adds that he was, nevertheless, led to fear 
that the scope and purpose were not in all cases fully un- 
derstood. 

That scope and purpose he throws liirht upon in these 
words : "By a strict adlieience to hairen facts in the his- 
tory of a people, much of the true spirit may remain un- 
developed. Traditions and inferential elucidations often 
form a most valuable hackinir for the mirror that is to re- 
flect a iriven period ; and those may not tind place in a 
stately history. While it is not claimed that direct au- 
thority can be referred to for every statement it is confi- 
dently claimed that the whole Is as truly ilhistrative of the 
people and their doings in those good old times, of their 
■walks and their ways, as if every, page were disfigured by 
reference to authorities. And b}' the same token, while 
the scenes are laid in a somewhat circmnscribed vicinage, 
though one of the most picturesque and diversitieil in all 
New England, it is yet true that most extensive fields of 
historic interest are held in survey." 

As to the c()ntem[)orary standing of this book, I desire 
to call a witness, first qualifying him as an expert: Name, 
AVilliam Whiting; A.B., Harvard, 1833; admitted to the 
Bar of Massachusetts and of U. S. Courts, 1838; Presi- 
dential Elector, 18l>8 ; LL.I).,1872; Representative of 
3d Mass. District in 43d Congress; Honorary Member 
of Historical Societies of New York, Pennsylvania, Florida 
and AVisconsin ; Corresponding Member of the Philadel- 
phia Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, etc. ; Pre.siilent 
of the New England Historic-Genealo<:ical Society; So- 
licitor of the War Dei)artment at Washington, during the 
"War of the Kebellion, and author of an important work 
called Tilt War Pu^cers oj Uie Prcfildent. 



122 JAMES ROBINSON NEWHALL. 

Mr. Whiting was a lineal descendant of Samuel Whit- 
ing, the first minister of Lynn. As a labor of love he 
wrote and printed, not published, an elaborate and ex- 
haustive Memoir of Rev. Samuel Whiting, D.D., and of 
his wife^ Elizabeth St. John, with references to some of 
their English ancestors and American descendants. 

Mr. Whiting fortified his statements, like careful his- 
torians and pleaders, by numerous citations from compe- 
tent authorities, such as the Massachusetts Records, the 
Histories of Hutchinson, Minot, Bancroft, Drake, Thomp- 
son, Palfrey, Barry and Hubl^ard, Lewis's Lynn, Win- 
throp's Journal, Edward Johnson's Wonder Working 
Providence, Savage's Genealogical Dictionary, De Tocque- 
ville's Democracy in America, Cotton Mather's Magnalia, 
Upham's Witchcraft and all the standard writers upon 
New England life ; but his favorite and most quoted illus- 
trations are from the Journal of Obadiah 2\irner. 

This famous Journal is a part of the contents of Lin. 
It is such a vivid picture, so mirror-like in its representa- 
tion of early colonial life, so true in its terse, idiomatic, 
provincial English that it is no wonder that it impressed 
the profound lawyer and historic-genealogical scholar with 
its power and relial)ility. 

Mr. Whiting also gives entries from the Journal of 
Thomas Newhall. This Journal, like the other, singularly 
realistic and fascinating to students of the olden days, is 
a part of Lin. Mr. Whiting quotes entire several pages 
from what he truly styles "the invaluable Journal" of Mr. 
Turner, his ancestor's parishioner. 

Mr. Whiting is not the only witness who has uncon- 
sciously testified to the exquisite literary art, this perfect 
reproduction of the thought of the old planters. Many 
learned men have asked where Mr. Newhall found these 
yellow, time-stained life stories of the olden time. 

In the England of George the Third, there lived a boy 



JAMES KOBINSON NEWIIALL. 123 

named Thomas Cliattortoii, wlio dovoted all his time to 
ai'(jiiiiiiig a kiu)\vU'di;e of Kiiixlish aMti(juiti('s and oltsoleto 
language. He produced some wondcrfid faltrieatioiis 
■Nvhich i)iirp()i-ted to he transcripts of ancient mannscri[)ts, 
Avritten hy Thomas Rowley, a priest of the tifleenth cen- 
tury. The Rowleian poetry of this prodigy of letters 
deceived men of literary pretensions, such as the virtuoso, 
Horace Walpole. Like Chatterton, Mr. Xewhall made a 
fac-simile rei)roduction of an earlier day and the learned 
Avere in eacii case deceived as to the oiigiu. There the 
resemblance ceases, for Chatterton studied to deceive, 
M'hile ]Mr. Newhall simply desired a medium through 
which to represent the age which he essayed to reproduce. 

It is said that some men only become eloquent when 
the pen comes in contact with the white pai)er. Of Mr. 
Newhall, we should say, that his genius found fullest play 
when he stood stick in hand before his case and, to the 
music of the clicking types, without the intervention of 
pen or paper, composed, in a double sense ; that is, a 
large portion of his work was never written, l)ut was 
transferred from his brain throui^h his nervous tin":ers and 
the type to the printer's form. 

Thus, it hajipened that these famous journals never ex- 
isted on mouldy paper, nor even on the paper of his time, 
but were sim[)ly ligments of his intellect. The alleged 
jouinals were only the key with which he introduced his 
readers to the society of the elders. The journals, bright 
and captivating as they are, form but a i)art of this work, 
which appears to me to stand the best chance of any liter- 
ary production of Lynn authors to endure the test of time. 

The sketches, besides their [)ithy style, have a (juaint 
flavor of the soil. The rout of Hector Mclntyre in his 
battle with the phoca was not better depicted by the 
Wizard of the Xorth than the ingloiioiis discomfiture of 
Parson Shepard's eeling expedition on the Saugus River. 



124 JAMES ROBINSON NEWHALL. 

The Judge was an Episcopalian, but he has otherwise 
spoken fair words of our Puritan divines, so we pardon 
him for inserting the incident that insinuates that our 
fighting parson was only human after all. 

"And the Dame will likewise make ready for us a bite 
of something whereby to stay our stomachs. And if you 
have a mind, Samuel, you may bring along your little red 
keg, for mine hath sacrament wine in it, and I will put a 
little something in ye same to warm our stomachs withal. 
For it is best, Samuel, sayd he, giving his eye a little 
turn, ' to go prepared to meet mishaps." ' 

The veracious chronicles of "the late Diedrich Knicker- 
bocker" have charmed generations of readers, but as life- 
like as his Dutch farmers or as grotesque as his Connecti- 
cut pedagogue, Ichabod Crane, are OI)adiah Oldpath's 
scenes of the scalping of Mr. Laighton in Lynn Woods or 
the wonderful cure of Aaron Khodes by the mysterious 
explosion of Dr. Tyndale's cue. 

There is a vein, too, of pathos in the touching story of 
Verna Humphrey that is none the less pure because it lacks 
the weird ness of Hawthorne's Hester Prynne to which it 
is a kindred spirit from shadeland. 

In claiming for this work the prospect of a longer hold 
upon the memory of men than any other, I do not forget 
that Lynn never had a paucity of writers. Of the men 
who have passed on within our own time, we recall the 
Whig pen and the graceful verse of Josiah F. Kimball ; 
the trenchant force of the scholarly Lewis Josselyn ; the 
caustic and diversitied manner of the late Cyrus M. Ti-acy. 
Nor do I forget one yet living, though not now with us, 
that ready writer who was ever a leader in Lynn's progress 
— Peter L. Cox — and many others whom I may not name. 

These men, however, wrote for bread and butter — their 
themes were of to-day. Their work was bright and read- 
able when published, but the most sparkling leading edi- 



JAMES KOIUNSON NKWIIAI.L. 125 

torials tiiul tlu* romiuon fate ot" iiiMvspapiM- work — tlic cnld 
tonil) of tlie piiMic lihrarv. 

The author of Lin wrote at hi:> leisure iu the sechisiou 
of his closet from the past, over the present, for the future. 

To have held honorahle positions with credit to the 
people and to himself in his native town is much, but to 
have written books that will entertain and instruct our 
children's children will "five him more enduring fame than 
the loudest plaudits that conlem[)()rarics could shower up- 
on him, or any man, for any achicvcnuMifs th.it ai-e of to- 
day only. 

He wrouofht well what he undertook. To him we may 
well apply Lowell's lines of the poise of the modest man : 

" Ah I men do not know how much strength is iu poise, 
That he noes the fartliest who goes far enough, 
And that all l)e3'ond that is just bother and stufl", 
No vain man matures, he makes too much new wood; 
His blooms are too thick for the fruit to be good; 
'Tis the modest man ripens, 'tis he that achieves, 
Just what's needed of sunshine and shade he receives ; 
Grapes, to mellow, require the cool dark of their leaves." 



"A roll of Capt. Caleb Lowe's comi)any belonging to 
Danvers, who marched on the 19*^ of April hist, against 
the British Troops." 

Caleb Lowe, Capt. 

Ezekiel Marsh jr., Lieut. 

John Dodge, 2"^ Lieut. 



PRIVATES 



Thomas Gardner 
Stephen Needham 
Benjamin Needham 
Hezek. Dunklie 
Ezra Trask 
Benjamin Morton 
Abel Mc Intier 
John Browne 
John Upton 
John Marsh 

(126) 



Jona. King 
Jona. Trask 
Eben^ Sprague 
Doct. Joseph Osgood 
Joseph Stacey 
Ezeki Marsh 
Robert Shillaber 
John Motton 
Thomas Whiterage 
Zach^ Kinof 



HENRY WHEATLAND 

Born Jani'ar> 1 1 1S12 
Died February 27 1893 



FOUNDER OH THE ESSEX INSTITUTE 
1847—1848 

ITS SECRETARY AND TREASURER 
1848—1868 



ITS PRESIDENT 
1868—1893 





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HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 



ESSEX INSTITUTE. 



Vol. XXX. J n.v— December, 18113. Nos. 7-12. 



A MEMORIAL OF IIEXPvY AVTTEATE AXD. 



PREFATOliY NOTE. 



Doctor Wiieatl.wd was bom in an ancient iioinc.^^lrad 
whicli stood on tho southerly side of Federal street, 
between Flint and Monroe streets, and made way for the 
erection of the mansion now numhered 1 ;>.'). He was the 
fifth .son and youngest child and lived to l)e the last sur- 
vivor of a family of six. Ilis father, horn October 20, 
17(>2, at Wareham, in the County of Dorset, Enjiland, 
sixteen miles from Dorchester and about one hundred 
and tliiity miles from London, was Richard ^\'heatland, 
who left home for London as a lad, and tindiuir business 
pursuits unconL''<'nial to him soon took to the sea, a lik- 
ing for which life in the old i)arliaiucn1ary l»or(iui:li at 
the head of Poole Bay, a favorite landing place for French 
fishermen and traders, then in its decadence, had doubt- 
less inspired. He s})ent three years in the British Navy, 

HIST. COLL. VOL. XXX 17 (.127) 



128 PREFATORY NOTE. 

cruising during our war in the Western Archipelago, and 
came to Salem on the death of his father, Peter, in 1784. 
Here he became a ship-master and merchant, and died 
March 18, 1830. His mother, Bridget (Foxcroft) Wheat- 
land, died in 1817, at the age of 84. 

Capt. Richard Wheatland had married, in 1796, Martha, 
daughter of Stephen and Martha (Prescott) Goodhue, 
who died Aug. 13, 1826. (See Goodhue Genealogy and 
Prescott Memorial, jm.'^sim, for his connection with these 
distinguished families.) Doctor Wheatland's youth was 
passed in the Goodhue House on Boston street, now 
standing, and numbered 70. His health was far from 
roliust, and his friends were more anxious to divert his 
attention from books to out-of-door pursuits than to stim- 
ulate the love of study which was marked at an early age. 
His father, on his business journeyings to Boston, often 
took him as his companion in the family chaise, and Doc- 
tor Wheatland liked to recall these outings and the famil- 
iar pleasantry with which Captain Wheatland, who had 
chanced to be the first traveller to pass the toll-house on 
the opening day of the turnpike years l)efore, used to 
remark, as often as he stopped to pay at the gate and 
replaced his wallet, — "There, Henry, I have paid the 
first and the last toll on Salem Turnpike." But he was 
not destined long to enjoy the anxious care of parents. 
He was not yet fifteen when he lost his mother and Cap- 
tain Wheatland had died before he was four years older. 

His early schooling was that of the most fortunate boys 
of his time, and Master Eames of the Latin School fitted 
him for college. At twenty he took his l)achelor's degree 
at Harvard and followed it, in 1837, with the degree of 
Doctor of Medicine, although he never practised the pro- 
fession. 

The class of 1832, in which he was graduated, the 
largest class graduated between 1818 and 1849, was dis- 



rKKlATOUV NOTK. 1211 

tiiiiriiislu'd iiol iMcrcly l<>r the iuimiIkt ol its nicmlx'r.s, 
(»iu' out ot cvc-iy live of wlioiiu-aiiu' Irom Salem. Judires 
rl. (i. AMiott, 'i'liarhcr, (Icoriii' Tirkiior Ciiitis, with 
the einiiu'iit divines, Doetois Bellows and Osgood of New 
York and Parknian and Mason of Massiiehusctt.s, us well 
as the Ke\ . Charles T. Brooks of Rhode Island, the 
Ilnnorahle Stephen Salislmry, John T. Morse, Estes 
Ilowe, AuLTii^'liis Story, Charles (Jrafton Pai<re, John 
Holmes and Doetor Le Baron Russell were of the numhei-. 
He was a student of medicine under the distinguished 
surireon and i!:eneral praetitioni'r of Ivssox County, Doctor 
Abel L, Pierson, of Salem. 

Durin<»: the five years which elajjsed between his bache- 
lor's and his medical degrees. Doctor Wheatland's uncer- 
tain health brouuht him a variety of unicjue experiences. 
He lirst accompanied his brother Richard, who connnand- 
ed the ship "lioston," on a voyage to London in ISiJ.i, and 
while the ship lay for some weeks in the famous <locks 
awaiting a cargo. Doctor Wheatland, passing his nights 
on board, made the most of his time in searching out his 
English relatives and in \isiting scenes of historic and 
anti<|uarian interest. He found two aged aunts in Lon- 
don and probably others of his kindrcil in Kent and in 
Dorset, and, it he jjushed his search as far as ^^'areham, 
must have been greatly impressed with the evidences of 
past importance in that decaying seaport, — the antipodes 
of the growing Salem of that day which invited young 
men from abroad instead of driving them away in search 
of occupation, — its crumbling old Priory dating from 
the eighth century, — its eight modern churclu's dwiixlled 
to two or three, — its lack of free teaching and its lunnbcr 
of pai'ochial school establishments, — its member of par- 
liament representing a local tradition, i-athei- than a pres- 
ent population, or a future promise. 



130 PREFATORY NOTE. 

On his return the next year, he at once interested him- 
seK in forming the Essex County Natural History Society 
and was, with such well-known and enthusiastic natural- 
ists, botanists and pomologists as Doctor Nichols, the 
brothers Ives, Rev. John Lewis Russell, Rev. Gardner 
B. Perry, William Oakes, John C. Lee, Samuel P. Fow- 
ler, Doctor George Osgood, George D. Phippen, Thomas 
Spencer and Charles G. Paige, amongst its original mem- 
bers, and was secretary of the Society from 1835 until it 
merged itself in the Essex Institute. Salem was then 
famous for her fruit and flower gardens, and wonderful 
displays were made, under the indefatigable efforts of the 
Messrs. Putnam, Lee, Upton, Emmerton, Cabot, Man- 
ning, Prescott, Allen, and a score of others, now in a 
chamber of the Chase Building, to which the Holyoke 
Block has succeeded, — now in Essex Place, opposite 
the head of Central Street, — and now in the Franklin 
Building. Doctor "Wheatland soon showed himself to be 
the soul and reliance of the young society, — the man of 
faith and of works. Collections of specimens in natural 
science were not neglected. Doctor Wheatland made voy- 
ages to the Azores in 1839 and to Para in 1840-1. Before 
many years he had succeeded in demonstrating the com- 
mon advantage which would accrue from a union of the 
vigorous young Natural History Society with the Essex 
Historical Society, a smaller and older body, possessed 
of a valuable prestige and membership, if of less spirit 
and vitality. Both were county organizations. The 
union was effected in 1848, and the Institute came into 
being. 

From that day on, Doctor Wheatland's career has been 
a familiar page in the history of Salem. It is sketched 
in outline in the tributes which follow ; but for us, his 
townsmen, it hardly need be rehearsed at all. It is true 



rKEFATdUV NOTE. 1 .'U 

that his l)e.st encrfrio.s and restlos.s zeal were cnirrosscd in 
pushinii: to siit'coss a siiiirh' iioIjIc inuh'rtakiiiir of iiis own, 
l)iit it is e(|ually true that no opiiortunity ol efleetive 
effort in the serviee of the pulilic- eseaped his atlcMtion. 

His varied elainis u[)on our thanks for serviee reiuh red 
on the tirst Fish Comniission of the State, on the Hoard 
of Kihieation, on tiic Peal)ody trusts both in ('and)rid<xe 
and here, and as a nienihcr of tlie Massaeiuisetts Ilistori- 
eal Soeiety, of the New Enirhmd Historic-Geneah)irieal 
Society, and of the American Academy of Arts and 
Sciences, need only to he recalh'd, and have been promptly 
recoirni/.ed and recordi'd elsewhere. I>ut to a scheme to 
which Doctor AN'lu'at land at times devoted fruitless care and 
thought, this would seem to l»e a [)roper occasion to refer. 
For years he advocated and seemed more than once near 
realizinir a plan for huildiuir up in Salem, out of the ample 
accunudations at hand, a siuiile jrrcat library, which would 
take rank with the foremost collections of the country, 
and which, by absorl)inir the laruc auirreirations of the 
Athenicum, Charitable Mechanic's Association, Institute, 
Fraternity and IVabody Academy of Science, and diaw- 
inir on the city for such a yearly income as an indei»endent 
city library would require, might at once attract genei'al 
attention and nobly su[)i»lement our educational e(juii)- 
ment. The expenditure asked of the city he jiroposed 
to justify by affording the reading public the facilities of 
a free library, and es[)ecially by establishing, in con- 
nection with existing structures, a new reading-hall, 
which should take the form of the long-hoped-for memo- 
rial to our i)atriot townsmen who have died in war. And 
he insisted that, while the inc<mie from the city should 
be used to supply what was lacking in the sc\cral libra- 
ries now in use, and by this great combination all redupli- 
cation of volumes could be avoided, the sjx'cial privileges 



132 PREFATORY NOTE. 

of proprietors in the various collections could well be 
guarded and conserved. The l)ooks they would contril)ute 
would l^e largely books of reference ; the new expenditures 
would in the main supply the books for circulation. But 
there were those who objected that a soldiers' memorial 
should be that and nothing else. There were others in- 
terested in the various existing lil)raries who preferred a 
smaller collection of books, wholly in their own control, 
to a more comprehensive lilirary, access to which was more 
general and free. And Doctor Wheatland lived to see a 
vigorous movement, with the origin of which he had 
nothino; to do, resulting in the establishment of a free 
library supported by the city, wisely administered and 
serving an admiral)le purpose, and avoiding, through an 
ingenious and original adjustment of systems with the 
collections previously made, all waste of force in buying 
books already on the shelves of either. 

The last declining years of this remarkable career found 
Doctor Wheatland seated at a window in his brother's 
mansion on Essex street which overlooked the grounds 
and housing of the City Library, with its ever length- 
ening procession of pilgrims at this new shrine of learning ; 
and no citizen of Salem welcomed more heartily than 
Doctor Wheatland the growing appreciation and elevat- 
ing influence of this new collection of books. Probably 
his closing eyes could have rested upon no more grateful 
[)icture. 



ACTION OF THE INSTITUTK. 

A nioetinii" of the Diivctors of the Kssox Inslituto was 
helil Jit the rooiiKs on Tuesday, Ft'h. 2.S, I8itli, at ii o'c-Iock 
in the afternoon, called for the i)urpose of taking action 
on the death of the President. 

Present, Messrs. Goodell, Ilairar, Osgood, .ManiiinL% 
Morse, Cha})nuin, Hunt, Phippen and A\liite. 

Vice-President Goodell occupied the chair. 

The Chairman made appropriate remarks on the loss 
the Society had sustained in the death of Dr. Wheatland, 
who was its founder, and for many years its chief support. 

On motion of Mr. Hunt, a committee was aj)pointed 
by the chair to attend the funeral of the President on 
Thursday at 11 o'clock. The connnittce consisted of the 
four Vice-Presidents, the Secretary, Treasurer, Auditoi-, 
Prof. E. S. Morse and Hon. A. V. White. 

Mr. Hunt also moved that a conunittec Ik- appointed to 
arranij:e for a memorial meetinir iind to report to a future 
meetinu: of the Directors. 

The Chair ai)i)ointe(l on this committee Messrs. Hunt, 
Uantoul, Morse, ( )s<:"ood and Piniiree. 

Adjouiiicd. 

Hr.Miv M. lIuodKs, Sf^rrctdi'if. 

On Saturday, March 4, ItSii;), the connnittce appnintcd 
at the nieetini!: of Fel>. -2.S met at the rooms at ',) (>'cl(»ek. 
Present, Messrs. Uantoul, Hunt, Morse, OsL-'ood, and 
Pin "Tree . 

Vice-President Kantoul occupied the Chair. 

On motion of Professor Morse, it was vot<'(lthat the Pi- 
rectors he advised that, in the opinion ol this eoinmitti'e, 

(133) 



134 ACTION OF THE INSTITUTE. 

a meeting of the Institute should be called to honor the 
memory of its late President, on Monday evening, April 
17, 1893, at Academy Hall, and that this committee be 
authorized to increase its number, and to make all arrange- 
ments necessary for such meeting. 

Henry M. Brooks, Secretary. 

The members of the Committee so enlarged were as 
follows : Vice-Presidents Goodell, Rantoul and Hagar, 
the Secretary, the Treasurer, the Auditor, the Liljrarian, 
T. F. Hunt, Alden P. White, Prof. E. S. Morse, David 
Pingree, John Robinson and Sidney Perley. 

Pursuant to the arrangements a laroe and notable as- 
sembly filled Academy Hall on the evening of April 17th. 
The platform was banked with palms and with choice bits 
of color in flowering plants ; and, conspicuous at the rear 
of the stage, regarding the scene with the old look of ben- 
ediction so peculiarly his own, hung Vinton's famous por- 
trait of Doctor Wheatland, delicately wreathed with 
sprays of trailing asparagus and the timely verdure of the 
early spring. 

Upon the platform, besides representatives of the Essex 
Institute, sat Secretary Perry of the Rhode Island His- 
torical Society, President Putnam of the Danvers Histor- 
ical Society, President Little of the Historical Society of 
Old Newbury, Librarian Jewett of Manchester, and Henry 
H. Edes of the New En"land Historic-Genealuii'ical 
Society, with other guests. 



ADDRESS OF VICE-PRESIDENT GOODELL. 

On assmniiii!: lln' cliair, Alnicr ('liciicv (Joddcll, Jr. llio 
senior Vice-PrcHidcnt of the Essex Iu>tilut(', spoke as 
follows : 

Ladies and Gentlemen^ Members of the Institute. 

As your senior viec-iiresident it devolves upon uw to 
eonduet proeeedings on this oeeasion specially a})[)ointed 
for offerini»: tributes of love, praise and irratitudc to the 
memory of him who may properly he reixarded as the 
founder of this Soeicty. 

Tlie sensational extravagances of pul)lif (h'uionsinitions 
ujjon the death of successful politicians, cons})ieuous 
statesmen and rulers, great soldiers and men of wide so- 
cial celebrity arc not appro})riate to this occasion. The 
object of our regard this evening has no claims ui»(»n the 
interest of those whose enthusiasm is excited only by the 
glamour of a brilliant public career. The invariable re- 
serve and quiet with which he i)ursued his labors for the 
good of mankind through the period of two generations 
of men attended him to the close of his jjeaceful life of 
more than eighty-one years. 

As to the fame he might have acquired had he applied 
himself exclusively to a single department of science it 
were idle to speculate. We nuist consider his life-work 
and his character as he has chosen to record them : they 
are to us the legacy of a public benefactor who, within 
the sphere in which he was placed by Providence, and 
unblemished by one stain of selfish ambition, dedit-ated 
all his resources of intellect and energy to the cultivation 
and dissemination of wholesome kiutwledge. 

MIST. COM,. VOL. XXX 18 (l-5''>) 



136 ADDRESS OF VICE-PRESIDENT GOODELL. 

His academic studies were l)egun according to the old 
monastic method of the university by acquiring tlie Latin 
tongue so as to use it colloquially at the age of seven. He 
entered Harvard when sixteen years old. After his grad- 
uation as one of the seventy-two scholars in the class of 
1832, of whom nine only survive him, he chose for his 
calling that one of the three learned })rofessions which, I 
think I may say without disparagement of the others, best 
affords opportunities for active beneficence and for ob- 
serving the higher laws of our being ; and, in due time, 
he was admitted to the degree of Doctor of Medicine. 

The study (which he prosecuted with enthusiasm) of the 
frame, organs and tissues of the animal economy drew 
him, probably insensibly, into wider fields of research in 
natural science than those the superficial exploration of 
which is commonly deemed a sufficient foundation for the 
practice of pathology and therapeutics. He was thus di- 
verted from the arduous and often harrowing duties of his 
profession and led to improve the leisure which a moderate 
competence afforded in extending his knowledge of or- 
ganic and inorganic nature — an employment better suited 
to his sensitive mind and delicate physical stamina. 

To his acquisitions in science he gradually added the 
results of careful, intelligent investigations in local history, 
biography, and genealogy, both in the records and by tra- 
dition, until he became an authority respecting a vast 
number of incidents and relationships which he was ever 
ready to recount to younger or less successful inquirers. 

At what period in his life he conceived the idea of en- 
couraging others to share his pursuits and to rea}) the 
benefit without incurring the risks of his services for the 
public, or, indeed, whether or not he ever consciously en- 
tertained the design of leading in this noble purpose, he 
has characteristically left to conjecture. Yet it is certain 



ADDIIF.SS OF VICK-rUKSIDKNT nOOliKI,!,. 1.17 

that he formed his plans and prosecutod his work with 
such (h'tcrciicc to others that ho was never hai)|)ier, appai- 
<'ntl\, than w hen reeeivinijf adviee or the promise of e<t- 
o|tciation, e\»n when it was certain that the result w<udd 
be the essential modilication or entire ahundonment of his 
tentative schemes, and sometimes, even, the overruIiiiL'' of 
his (leliherate jndirmeiil. Xolhinirthat he jjuthered in his 
mind, or liad in store in the lihrary and eahinets ot the 
Society, was ever withheUl from the needy inquirer. In 
the orijfanization of the Institute it was his ehoice that no 
harriers of aire or sex shouhl limit the enjoyment of its 
privileires. He was never afraid to trust the public, and 
never had cause to com})lain that this conlidence had \h'vu 
abused. 

Without attemptini; to recount his services for the pub- 
lic in other directions, this occasion invites us to j^lance at 
what this one childless man has done for the world in and 
throuirh this Institute wliicli transmits the visible fruit of 
his life-work to cominu" n'enerations. Besides the build- 
iuiTs occupied by the Society, and their contents, and the 
uses these subserve, we are temjjtcd to dwell upon the in- 
Huences which have spread from this foundation. 

It was while Agjissiz was preparinjr his chai)ter on cm- 
bryoloiry in the first monoi;raph of his Contributions to 
the Xatui-al History of the United States, that, havinu: 
occasion to study the uni(|ue collection of turtles then in 
our cabinets, he was so struck with the intelliLicnce of the 
youiiLi- curatoi- to whom he was referred by Dr. Whcat- 
land that he invited him to join his staff at C aml»ridi:e. 
From that bei:innin_LS after a few years, the Peabody 
Academy of Science (which <^vv\\' out of the Institute, or 
out of conditions traceable to the intluence of the Insti- 
tute) becanu' the centre of a galaxy of ardent youni: nat- 
uralists whose awncy in lii)erali/inii- current thouLdit has 



138 ADDRESS OF VICE-PRESIDENT GOODELL. 

not been less beneficial than the impulse they have given 
to the pursuit of science. The leader of this Imncl is now 
at the head of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology at 
Cambridge, and easily holds a place in the front rank of 
the world's archaeologists and anthropologists. Another 
presides over the Boston Society of Natural History, 
which he has inspired with new life and zeal. Two others, 
respectively, are at the heads of departments of natural 
science in the most ancient universities in our neighboring 
states. The untimely death of another deprived the Avorld 
of a laborer of great promise in a difficult branch of prac- 
tical scientific work. Another still remains with us, re- 
flecting honor upon his adopted home by his brilliant 
success as an investigator, discoverer and demonstrator 
of natural science, and by his subtle comprehension and 
fascinating power of exposition of the canons of aesthetics 
in every department of art. 

If we are forced to admit that this accession of workers 
in science was an instance exceptional and remote of the 
influence of the Institute, it will not be denied that there 
are other illustrations, unquestionalile and direct, of the 
benefits which society has derived from studies begun or 
early nurtured in this miniature universit}^ which our de- 
parted President reared from a weak and unpromising 
beginning. 

I need only refer, as examples, to the work of our la- 
mented Tracy in botany ; to the ardent, unselfish devotion 
to science of our still nearer departed friend and compan- 
ion Cooke ; to the charming essays on ferns and fern cul- 
ture, and on our native trees, by a living associate ; to 
the geological researches in this county of another of our 
members, which threaten if they have not already accom- 
}flishod the subversion of some of the ])est attested theories 
of former geologists ; and to what another associate has 



ADDKKss or viri:-i'ui:sii)i:NT (joodkli.. l.i'.l 

(loiio and is still doinir in his study of tho ardcltiii'ln . \\'<- 
arc ivniindt'd, also, that the prolossor of })ala'ontoloi:v at 
Yah', and curator of the lainous nuiscuni of tho Shcflicld 
Sciontitic- School, lirst tried his 'pn-nticc hand in arraniriuL'' 
the minerals in our cahinet. 

On the historical side of the Iii,->lilutc \vc asi-riltc to its 
inducements and encouraircment the rise if not the de\tl- 
opment of that taste for historical and iicni-aloirical reseaich 
which has won for one of our fellow citizens the highest 
distinction as an anticjuary, and made the W(»rld his debtor 
for a knowledire of the ancestral home of ^^'ashinlrton, 
and for the rescue of the founder of Harvard University 
from the semi-mythic obscurity which had shrouded his 
hii-th and trans-Atlantic career — Iwth jjrohlems the solu- 
tion of which had hopelessly hatHed all previous inves- 
tigators. One of the younger atten(hints at our nieetinirs 
has for some years held, with credit, the chair of Kccle- 
siastical History in Harvard University. Another of our 
associates years asfo essentially contributed to the perfec- 
tion of his father's work in a most laborious and intricate 
tield of historical research, and has now nearly c(»inpittcd, 
under the ausi)ices of the intelliirent custodian of the tiles 
of our colonial and provincial superior courts of justice, 
the arranijino; and indexinj; of stacks of material heretofore 
l)ractically inaccessible to students, but which proves to 
1)0 of indispensable use in the preparation of a complete 
history of our Conmionwealth from its cradle, — the colony 
charter. This mairniticent collection is for the nianiit lot 
its preparation and for the [)eriod it covers — considerinir 
of course the limit of the Held — une(|ualled in any coun- 
try, and has made inipeiat i\ c the re-writinii; of the history 
of Massachusetts. 

It may bo true that, as yet, our exi)lorations in .science 
have not resulted in the discovery of any important law, — 



140 ADDKESS OF VICE-PRESIDENT GOODELL. 

that wc have not defined a new genus, and have contrib- 
uted only a few names to the lists of species ; l)ut the main 
value of our work (and this was the end which our de- 
parted Mentor kept first in view) consists in the cultivating 
a taste for the pursuits which I have mentioned, and the 
diffusing a kind of knowledge which can best he acquired 
by cooperation, and l)y the means of ol)servationand com- 
parison which only large collections of specimens afford. 
And if it be that the whole result of the life-work of the 
founder was ])ut to impart to all or many what was already 
known to a few, was not the end worth living for? 

In estimating the benefits offered by the plan of opera- 
tion of the Institute we are not to forget the advantages 
which it presents of constant incentive, allurement and 
opportunity. How many have found access to the por- 
tals of science l^y some accident which brought them Avith- 
in the reach of the influences I have described ! I 
remember how the discovery, on the furthest cliffs of 
Nahant — those ragged ledges which we used to l)elieve 
were the slags of Vulcan's furnace, l)ut which Mr. Sears 
now proves to us are full of fossil forms of organic life — 
of a solitary specimen of the scarlet pimpernel, and the 
gratification at one of our field-meetings of the curiosity 
which this discovery excited, led to such enthusiastic study 
of botany as afforded solace to one fine mind through 
many years of suffering. Instances of this kind may be 
multiplied indefinitely. 

Let us ])e shown any higher object in life than the study 
f)f the handiwork of the Creator before we are asked to 
admit that there is irood oTound for dis])arai>ini>' the ideal 
of duty which the guide, philosopher and friend whose 
loss we deplore kept always before him. If there is a 
lingering doubt on this point, select any end which may 
seem i)refera]jle and carefully compare the claims of the 
one and the other. 



ADDKKSS OF \ I(I:-1'KKSII)1:NT tiOOUELL. Ill 

Thank (iod, that stauv (»f Irivolity is past in which nat- 
uralists iV'lt constrained to prclaci' their works with apol- 
oj^ios ! There is soniethinii; suMiine ine\cry outspoken 
(lefoneo of <luty well i)orfonnecl, however ineonsecjuentia! 
the perfornianee may ai)[)ear to the preju<liee(l and the 
iirnorant. Tlu-re are as true heroes in the walks ol sci- 
ence as in the tields of sanii"uinary strit\'. One of our 
hrijihtest American scholars, reci-ntly, in a hrief notice of 
the I)otanical work of Riihard Relhan, who, a century aL^o, 
published the result of his studies of the llora ol ( 'am- 
hridire, Enuland, applauds that author's resentment of 
the suggestion that his emi)l()yment was a " busy idleness," 
that he need he ashamed of, and approvingly (juote.s this 
sentence from his hook : " For if a man applies himself, 
with all his might, to incjuire into those works which (Jod 
himself hath made, I see not why he should he ashame<l 
of it. The studiMits of natural history are seeking to lind 
Almighty (iod in his smallest Avorks ; they sec his intinite 
power exhibited alike in all (considering their titness each 
for the end designed) ; and they huml)ly declare that the 
glory of the great Creator is augmented and conlirnicd by 
a just admiration of what he hath created." 

The circumscribed lield of this botanist's laboi's bi'ings 
to mind those early days in the history of our Society 
wln'ii it embrace(l only a small gron|) of devout lovers ot 
nature. In their occasional excursions through the county 
they knew where to tind every peculiar geoh)gic forma- 
tion, every rare shrub and noted tree, and cNcry w ild 
flower — penetrating the obscure haunts of the curious dod- 
der and the I'are rdcriniinit ri/is iihni. They noted (he 
lirst coming and final dcpartmc ol the Itirds, studic«l and 
discussed the hal)ils of insects, vied with each other in 
improving the fruits ami (lowers of their gardens, treas- 
ured for [josterity the legemls of the i>eople, and looked 



142 ADDRESS OF VICE-PRESIDENT GOODELL. 

hopefully to the future for the development of a more gen- 
eral interest in the things which seemed to them so attrac- 
tive and so important. 

Great advances have been made in man's progress both 
in the attainment of the fruit of his study and in the in- 
crease of the dignity of the vocation in every department 
of science since the first field-meeting was held ; still, from 
that fast-fading picture much that appeared grotesque and 
that with the thoughtless continued long to be the butt of 
derision has vanished with the expansion of the popular 
mind, and we recall the homely scene only as something 
inspiring and fascinating. The personification of all that 
renders that picture attractive was he whose mortal remains 
we saw deposited beneath the snows of winter among the 
trees on the hillside where, in boyhood, doubtless, he had 
often gathered the wild flowers of the spring. Happily he 
lived to see his little band of companions at that first field- 
meeting multi})ly into a larger company of associates, from 
this and other counties, to be succeeded, we trust, by a 
still more numerous following. 

It has been our privilege to live in daily intercourse 
with this rare character. His very condescension and 
nearness prevent a clear perception of his greatness ; yet 
where shall we find one possessing a superior claim to be 
classed with the truly great leaders of mankind — be their 
sphere wider or narrower — whose laliors, motives, aspi- 
rations, all perfectl}^ harmonize with the Divine purpose 
to reconcile man to his present duty and to lead him 
higher ? If any mortal deserves a mausoleum for whom 
may that honor be l)etter claimed ? But he needs no mon- 
ument, and his life is his l)cst eulogy. The good that he 
})r()duced has l)cen al)sorl)ed into and helps to mould the 
lives and characters of others, ours among the rest. Thus 
he still forms an intimate part of the great corporation of 



ADDRESS OF VICE-PUESIDENT GOODELL. 14.'^ 

huinunity whirli never dies. Nevertheless, il is til lliut we 
join in expivssinix our sense of liis wortli and our Lnalitude 
for the cireunistunees that hrouirht us within his heiiiLrn 
influence. Nay, for our own reputation we shouhl not 
leave, as Bacon ex})resses it, " to the next ages " the rec- 
oirnition of his merits and of our ohliirations. To this 
<hily, moreover, we are impelled l>y an instinctive and 
irresistihle feelino; that even his self-forget fulness was not 
so absolute that he 

Left tlic warm precincts of the cheerful day 
Nor cast one longing, lingering look behind. 

On some fond breast the parting soul relies, 
Some pious drops tlie closing eye requires; 

Even from our graves the voice of Nature cries, 
Even in our ashes live their wonted llres. 

At the conclusion of his address the Vice-President 
called upon several menil)ers to si)eak, as follows : — 

In enumerating the pu1)lic services rendered hy mem- 
bers of the Institute, I puri)osely omitted to mention the 
[)olitical and civic posts which many of them have tilled. 
One of our presidents, and several of our members, have 
been elected to the oliice of Mayor of this city ; but none 
of them, I venture to say, have better deserved praise for 
the dignity and lidelity with which they have perlorine<l 
their duties, either in the civic cai)acity or as members of 
the Institute, than he wdio now occupies the chair of the 
mayoralty. I am informed by the committee of arrange- 
ments that he will not disappoint your expectation to hear 
from him this evening. I therefore ask your attention to 
remarks from the honorable Robert S. Kanloul. 

HIST. COIA.. vol.. .\XX 19 



MAYOR RANTOUL'S REMARKS. 

Mayor Rantoul said : It is a privilege to he permitted 
to say a word at the grave of Doctor Wheatland. Few 
such rare and unique personages are developed in a genera- 
tion of men. For half a century, take him for all in all, 
he has been perhaps the most picturesque and familiar 
figure going in and out amongst us. We part company 
with him now, a neighbor and a friend we can ill afford 
to spare. 

I speak of him not as he was known to his kindred — ten- 
der, affectionate, devoted, true ; I speak of him not as the 
world knew him — public-spirited, self -forgetful, diligent 
in good works, seeking not his own ; I speak of him rather 
as he showed himself to me from the day when, a rounded 
generation ago, he asked my help in editing the little 
newspaper record of a fair he was conducting in the 
interest of his beloved Institute, — a journal whose list of 
contributors counted John G. Whittier and Nathaniel Haw- 
thorne and George William Curtis and Jones Very and 
Charles T. Brooks and Fitch Poole and John Lewis Rus- 
sell and Mrs. Nathaniel Silsbee and Lucy Larconi and 
others, making up an illustrious and memorable staff. I 
speak of him as my early friend. May I speak of him 
also as I am in a way the mouthpiece of the city ? It is fit 
that the city of Salem should bring its tribute to Doctor 
Wheatland's grave. It is fit that I speak in my towns- 
men's l)ehalf , however inadequately, their universal sense 
of grief and loss. It was this whole comnumity, without 
reserve or limitation, of which he made himself the 
servitor and helpmeet. It is this whole connnunity, with- 
(144) 



MAVOK KANTori/s liKMAUKS. 115 

out ivsorvi' or limitation, wliich oui-s liiiii its la>liii:: ddit 
of jxratiludi' aiul i)iaisi'. 

Doctor Wheatland is indeed a uni(|ue tiirure in oiii- nieni- 
orios. The place lie left vacant he created for himself. 
There is none to till it and it will he vacant forever. He 
needs no nionmnent. Family affection will make its shrine 
at the i: rave on the hillside hxikinu" toward the sunset, hut 
no memorial, i)laied there hy the tender care of kindred, 
can ever (UmioIc him truly to the cominjr years as he will 
111' seen and perpetuated in the great achievement ot his 
life, the creature of his toil and love, the Essex Institute. 
The (piery has been raised, now and again, what emi- 
nence might not our friend have reached had his hroad 
intelligence, his restless energ}-, and his persistent will 
heen enlisted in some one of the specialties, amongst 
which modern activity divides itself to-day. The (juestion 
needs no answer. Doctor Wheatland's career created the 
specialty to which it was given up, and in it he attained 
all the success a generous ambition could crave. 

An institution, novel in its origin and nature, grew up 
under his guiding hand, an institution starting willinul 
patronage, endowments, exi)ectations, or funds, a spnn- 
tiuieous growth, the offspring of a [xipular demand which 
he first perceived and then supplied, a product of the 
needs and tendencies of the times, sustained from tirst to 
last by the steady devotion and enthusiastic zeal of large 
nundiers of inconsjiicuous toilers with him in the field of 
thniiglit. It there be anywlieri' about us aiiotluT inslilu- 
tion like this, — a loi-m of organi/ation so elastic, so spon- 
taneous, so [)()j)ular in its germ, — if th(>re be possible an 
agency better fitted to inspire high aim- ami generous 
work in an intelligent eonnnunity, I know not wlieic to 
seek it. 

Twoclassesot toilers help to build u|» the miglily I'vr.'i- 
mid of human knowledge. To the lew, conspicuous and 



146 MAYOR RANTOUL's REMARKS. 

admired, it is given to cany high aloft the heavenward 
reaching apex of the pile, liut to the greater number, 
humbler l>ut not less necessary to the work, it is enough 
if they may help to l)roaden out the mighty base, and lay 
its foundations deep and sure, and make the towering 
superstructure stable and impregnable. This our friend 
did by spreading abroad his knowledge and by enlisting 
the young in his work. 

There are scholars who seem to regard their learning as 
a stock in trade, — as a capital held largely for their own 
advancement. But Doctor Wheatland's knowledge was a 
trust held for the profit of others. It seemed to him to 
reach, like money, its highest use and function, only 
when by mutual exchange it passed into circulation and 
became part and parcel of the world's common afliuence of 
thought. So thoroughly did he sink himself in his life- 
work that he never seemed to feel that thanks were due 
from him to those who contriljuted anything in aid of the 
Institute. It was the public and the common cause that 
every donor was serving, and each must find his reward 
where the Doctor got his, nn the reflection that, through 
the agency of the Institute, he was helping others. 

If Doctor Wheatland has not left us that much-desired 
l^ook, a history of Salem, he has done that without which 
history is impossible. He has accumulated with infinite 
and thankless pains, and made accessil)le to all, the vast 
mass of detail which gives scope for the brilliant general- 
izations of the muse of history and romance, and which 
meets the severer exigencies of graphic art. 

It is a rare distinction to be aljle to find one's highest 
pleasure in the habit of ministering to the good of others. 
Not many men in a generation are fitted to sustain con- 
tinuous effort without the stimulus of some form of 
personal gain, and fewer still can maintain the struggle 
against odds, when the final triumph toAvard which they 



MAY<1K KANTOri/s UK.MAKKS. 1 17 

press is likely to eome, if it eoiiie at all, too lat<' lor llieiii 
to see. Willi Doetor AN'lieatlaiul these eoiiditioiis were 
[)resent until near tlu' end. It was lor the wide dissemi- 
nation of knowletlu'e, — it was to (juieken and make keener 
the appetite for learning, to spread abroad rather than 
to pile up in the storehouse the L'^arnered seed-irrain, that 
Doetor A\'heatland strove. 

The prayer was answered at last, and in the (juiekened 
aetivities of the day he died eontent. ,Ju(li:«'d hy its fruit- 
airc, no ])art of Doctor AVheatland's labor has been sjx'iit 
in vain. lie saw the Institute — I knew it in the day of 
small thinirs, when everyone who desired its perpetuity 
must l)e ready to labor for it — he saw the Institute a 
struggling waif, eraving the friendly smile of all. lie left 
it, after half a century of care, well housed and grown, its 
name established, its graduates illustrating cvei'y de|)art- 
ment of human thought, its collections on every shelf, 
connnanding the respectful consideration of the cultured 
world, its necessity conceded, its success assured. 

Life has little worth and little meaning, if devotion such 
as Doctor Wheatland's counts for nothing, ^^'hilst respect 
for antiquity and tradition survives; whilst lilial love 
hoards ni) in its treasure house the reminders of the past ; 
whilst our great libraries, each volume fondled l)y his hand 
until it seems to draw new life and inspiration from his own, 
remain the chief ornament and treasure of our civic life; 
whilst such as White and Story and Pickering and Salton- 
stall and l>entley and Bowditch and Ilolyoke are luld in 
honor, and the seal of Salem enduies to ej>it(»mi/e a his- 
tory and keep open a vista towards the sunrise ; until dis- 
interested /e;d for man as man — the happiness whieli comes 
of unre(iuite(l service — shall cease to be esteemed com- 
mendable and worthy ; there shall bo in SaU'in an Kssex 
Institute 

•• Whfie jjniU'fnl science still adores 
Her Henry's reverend shade." 



REMARKS OF GEORGE D. PHIPPEN. 

The Vice-President said: Three, only, survive of the 
seventeen members of tiie first ])();ird of officers of the 
Essex Institute. Of these, the youngest, Mr. George D. 
Phippen, was the first librarian. He is with us this even- 
ing ; and with great pleasure I call upon him to add 
his voice to the tributes we are paying to the memory of 
his companion of forty-live years ago. 

Mr. George D. Phippen spoke as follows : — 

When first called upon by the c(jmmittee in charge, it 
was suggested that, being contem[)()rary with Doctor 
Wheatland throughout his scientific life, and closely con- 
nected with him in his earlier days, I njiglit touch upon 
his long career, and dwell especially upon his early scientitic 
work. 

My first recollection of Henry Wheatland was in the 
summer of 1831, or possibly a year earlier, and I well 
remember the youthful cast of that same classic face that 
has ever since so strongly impressed all who have made 
his acquaintance. His figure was then striking, of erect 
yet slender build, with light brown hair falling in loose 
locks nearly to the collar of his coat. He had a rather 
weak voice, quiet manners; was guileless and attractive in 
all his ways. His love for the study of natural history was 
early developed, and with a few other 3 0ung men of sim- 
ilar taste he became deeply interested in the formation of 
a natural history society in his native town, which, upon 
the enlistment of men of marked culture and rii)er years, 

(148) 



kkmai;ik> «ii ci.oiici: d. imiii'I'I'A'. 14H 

resulted in the iiK-oipor.ition, in the year l.s;^4, of the 
Essex County Natural History Soeiety. 

Tliis legion was favortible for the ohjeet, and for years 
before had proilueed effective workeis in Iiistory and the 
sciences ; hut they were isolated and had laliored ahinc. 
Tliese men wouhl have rejoiced in the advantages of pop- 
uhir association, with its lihraiy and museum, l)ut [\\v\ 
l)assed awa}' l)efore the consummation of results for 
which their hd)()rs paved the way. Among his ehlers 
and associates in the inci[)iency of the new society were 
such men as ^William Oakes, Dr. Andrew Nichols, Dv. 
George Osgood, Thomas Cole, Sanmel P. Fowler, Thomas 
Spencer, Rev. Gaidner B. Perry of Bradford, Dr. 
William Prescott of Lynn, and others not now recalled. 

Amongst the e;irliest elfective work of the Natural Ilis- 
toi-y Society, after the commencement of its museum and 
lihniry, were the fruit and flower exhibitions, which tended 
strongly toward the improvement of our gardens by the 
discrimination and cultivation of choice hardy fruits and 
flowers, in <j:reat variety. This demonstration of popidar 
zeal has since reached both its eliniax and decline, and 
now exists only in the fancied i('[)ntatiun of the "old fash- 
ioned gardens of Salem. " 

The unique feature of " licld meetings," in which the 
public as well as membeis of the society participated, was 
not introduced until 1848, after the union of the Kssex 
Historical Society and the Essex County Natural Iiistory 
Soci<'ty, under the name of the Essex Institute. 

For many years, however, prior to this date, small 
parties of the more devoted members of the Natural His- 
tory Society were accustomed to make excuisions in the 
nei<»hborin^ woods and fields for botanical and other 
ptu'poses of investigation ; over gi'onnd which the Ivev. 
Manasseh Cutler had I'anged fifty years l)efore, when pre- 
paring his "Account of Plants (Jrowing in this part of 



150 REMARKS OF GEORGE D. PHIPPEN. 

America," and which Doctors Nichols and Osgood had 
surveyed when assisting Dr. Jacob Bigelow in the com- 
pletion of his once leading botanical work on the " Plants 
of Boston and Vicinity," published in 1824. 

Such excursions were generally under the guidance of 
Doctor Osgood, Doctor Nichols, or Rev. John L. Russell, 
aud they occurred at sundry times of the year, after the 
maples had put forth their " first flush of beauty," until they 
again spread their fullest robes of scarlet and gokl in the 
fall. These pleasant occasions will long remain in the 
memory of those who participated in them. We were 
young then and Doctor Wheatland could outwalk us all, 
when we sought out, perhaps to some of us for the first 
time, localities where grew the Trilliums, Pyrolas, Are- 
thusas aud the frosted Drosceras, or, from the borders of 
brooks and ponds, the floating Utricularias, Brasenias or 
Dortman's Lobelia which tempted us and dared our 
acquisition of them by a partial l)ath. We well remember 
one occasion when, suuburnt and thirsty, after collecting 
plants in the lowlands and glades, under the lead of 
Doctor Nichols, we climbed to a mossy crag, fringed with 
Corydalis glauca, and felt well repaid f(jr all our trouble, 
refreshing our parched lips and our drooping field-treas- 
ures, in the grassy rill near by. For an entire day's excur- 
sion our custom was to press dee[)ly into the Lynn woods 
or the Essex woods ; and for a half day's excursion we 
were content with a stroll in the Great Pastures, Paradise, 
or the woods adjacent to Orne's Point, now Kern wood. 
"Dark Lane," now lined with houses, was a famous ground 
for botanical specimens the entire season. 

Minerals interested some of us, while others collected 
fresh-water shells and rare ferns, as we invaded the haunts 
of the turtle and the newt. 

We were fresh and impressible then, and a new "find" 
tilled us with a thrill of enthusiasm and a healthful glow of 



Ur.MAIJKS OF OEOIIOE D. IMIllM'KN. 1 ') 1 

spirits that gold, gems or honors in later days would 
have faili'd to oxcitc. 

Doctor Wiioatlaiid was primarily a botanist and knew 
well the localities of our native plants, and an airay ot" 
their flowers, accurately named, always embellished a 
corner of our frequent floral exhibitions ; l)ut this pursuit 
he gradually relinquished to younger nuMubers. As a 
student of medicine he was fond of comparative anatomy, 
and here he obtained the title of Doctor which has always 
with, perhaps, profounder meanings distinguished his 
name. On the proper shelves of the Institute are many 
specimens, particularl}' of the smaller animals, prepared 
by his own hands. 

He was interested in tiie study of conchology, and 
was fond of dredging the harbor for specimens, that the 
productions of the county in this regai-d might l)e propeil}' 
repiesented in the cabinets of the Institute, where a col- 
lection of native shells, many of them minute and taken by 
him from the stomachs of flshes, now occupy their api)ro- 
priate places in the trays provided. He was at one time 
a devoted entomologist and we have seen him throw the 
net for his brilliantly colored prey, which he immediately 
killed l)y a {)oison()Us puncture before iiinning them into 
his collection box. He also knew well how to throw the 
net for the capture of young men, whom he infused with 
his own glowing spirit, and their names, not a few, now 
adorn the scientitic institutions of the land. Bent as ho 
was upon illustrating the [)roducts of his native land, par- 
ticularly of the eounty in which he lived, he could not 
fail to l)e a g(Miealogist, as many of his papers pul)lished 
in the IIistori(!al Collections of the Institute abundanti}' 
attest. To him, as to an oi'acle, came the wandering 
sons of Kssex, perhaps from afar, back to the old ances- 
tral hive from which they had strayed, to iiKjuire who 

HIST. COLL. VOL. XXX 20 



152 REMARKS or GEORGE D. PHIPPEN. 

their fathers were ; and he, being imbued with a veneration 
for onr New Enghind ancestr}', and blessed as he was 
with a strong memory, and furnished with a fund of 
gleanings from our public records, seldom sent an inquirer 
away without some facts of personal interest and encour- 
agement for fiulher research which ensured success, often 
thereby gaining hasting friendships for himself and the 
Institute he so much loved. The burden of these early days 
of the Natural History Society :uid of the Institute rested 
strongly on his private exertions and those of a few appre- 
ciative friends, for encouragement and the necessary means 
for the conduct of affairs. In this he was determined 
to succeed ; and we bear witness to his anxiety, wlien it 
became necessary to procure additional cases for the 
enlarged library and increasing collections, augmented as 
the cost was by unavoidable alterations attendant upon a 
change of rooms from Essex Place where the first horticult- 
ural exhibition was held in 1834 with marked success ; 
then migrating to the Franklin Building in 1835, where, 
upon a summer afternoon in 1836, the Rev. J. L. Russell 
gave one of the first lectures to the members of the new 
society ; then to the Chase Building in Court street in 
1837 ; then to Pickman Place in 1842 ; and, finally, under 
the name of the Essex Institute, to their permanent home 
at Plummer Hall and their own building adjoining. 

For many years Doctor Wheatland held no higher 
office than secretary of the Institute, and wanted no other, 
as he well knew that all things must centre and culmin- 
ate in him and thence would radiate throughout the com- 
plex interests of the association. Presidents and curators 
were never out of that magnetic current nor desired to be» 
and no jarring interests have ever retarded the work so 
\vell begun and continued for nearly sixty years. At the 
union of the two societies in 1848, each had a fund of 



KK.MAUKS or CKOKCK D. rilllTKN. 1 '>;> 

seven liiiiidred dollais only. For the next thirty years 
the fniuls inereasi'd slowly to $12, ()()(), hut in the sueeeed- 
ini; twelve years funds came in ra}>idly until they arc now 
npwards of $100,000. Several of the le^aeies indieato 
personal friendships, and show faith in him, who had shown 
sueh an ahidinu: faith and devotion to the prime pnrpos(( 
of his life, — the fnundiiii: and permanent en(h)wmen( ot 
the Kssex Institute, with its lihiary, its mnsenm, and its 
pnhlished C\)lleetions ; for this he <4ave his entire manhood, 
with never one dollar of perquisite or salary in all these 
years. 

His profound devotion to his work shows that h<' wor- 
shipped at the inner eourts of the temple of truth ; his 
watchword was faith, — tirst in himself, then in the zeal 
of his disciples, and in the tried jjatrons of the Institute, 
never for a moment douhtinir the appreciative heart of 
the greater public. 

Few men have had such an opportunity for lastinir fame 
or would or could have pursued it to its consunnnalion ; 
for now the Essex Institute has a world-wide reputation, 
and England, France, Germany and far-o(V India contrib- 
ute to its shelves. As we look back ni)on these early 
days and early frimids, and review the work accomplisluMl 
along the path of years — by lectures, horticultuial and 
art exhibitions, historical and scientitic publications, the 
popnlarity of the field meetings about the county, with 
their power of cementing friendships — we arc impressed 
with much that is novel and unique in this formative era. 
Noting, as we must, how large a number of the original 
and prime workers have, with our friend, passed ovci- the 
dark river together, it seems like the rolling up of a scroll, 
never in the future; to be again displayed before our mor- 
tal eyes. 

When we contemi)late the racy companionships of those 



154 REMARKS OF GEORGE D. PHIPPEN. 

early days, ripening into the unbroken friendships of later 
years, which clustered about this devotee and friend, 
whose influence so many have felt, we cannot but be thank- 
ful that we were contemporary with him throughout his 
long life. 

" Friends, Friends, oh! sliall we meet 
Where the spoiler finds no prey, — 
Where lovely things and sweet 
Pass not away ? " 

The present generation called Doctor Wheatland old, 
and thought him always so ; but when a few years ago, in 
some printed report of doings, he was styled the "vener- 
able Doctor Wheatland," it Avas an oflTence to us, who 
remembered him when young — always young in ardor and 
devotion and never old at heart. 

We pile granite and marble high over the last resting 
place of those we love and honor, and we do well ; but 
here our friend, without vanity or pride, and scarcely 
knowing it himself, has reared to his own memory an 
Institution — a monument for future fame, whose base rests 
tirmly upon the hearts of the people of the county, and 
whose shaft, pointing to the skies, rises high to catch the 
ever dawning rays of truth and progress from Avhatever 
source they come — and such a monument as architect 
never devised nor artisan constructed. 



rROFKSSOU MC)l{Si:S RIOMAKKS. 

The Vico-Prcsidont then suid : Of the ivlations of llu' 
IV:il»()(ly Academy of Scienco to llie Ksscx Inslitiitc, 
I h.ivf already spoken. Doctor Wheatland was from the 
first a Trustee of the Academy, and for nearly the (jnarter 
of a century its honored Vice-President. It is therefore 
eminently fitting that the Academy should he re})resented 
here hy the Director of its Museum, who, also, has claims 
ui)()n our attention as a representative of the scienlihc 
side of the Essex Institute, of which he is a distinguished 
nieml)er. I now ask you to listen to what he has to oiler. 
I present to you Prof. Edward S. Morse. 

Professor Morse spoke as follows : With the death of 
Dr. Henry Wheatland there has i)assed away nearly the 
last one of a coterie of men, who, in the early half of 
the century, became identified with institutions of science 
and who finally gave their entire time to the objects of 
theii' devotion. It would seem that certain unconnnon 
attributes of the mind predetermined a man's fitness for 
such a work ; certain it is that without exception these 
men showed marked similarities of taste, temper and 
disposition. These similarities showed themselves in the 
minuter peculiarities of dress, gentleness of manner and 
a winning personality. One has oidy to recall, among 
others, Doctor Torrey of the Lyceum of Natural History, 
Doctor Gray of the Botanic; Gardens, Professor Ilemy of 
the Smithsonian Institution, Professor Wymau of the 
Anatomical Museum, Doctor Lea of the Philadelphia 
Academy of Natural Sciences, Doctor Jackson of the 
Museum of Morbid Anatomy, to note these resemblances. 

(155) 



156 PROFESSOR morse's REMARKS. 

Doctor Wheatland's identification with the Essex Insti- 
tute is so complete that it is impossi))le to think of him and 
of the Institution separately. He was not only its father 
but for many years he ivas the Institute, so far as being 
secretary, treasurer, editor of its journals, cabinet-keeper 
and niirht-watchmau could make him. In nearly every 
])ranch of the Institute's varied work he had made direct 
connnunications, though to historical and genealogical 
subjects he has made the most extended contributions. 
One would think that the nudtifarious duties he vohmtariiy 
assumed in the name of the Institute might have absorbed 
all his time and sympathy; yet, nevertheless, he devoted 
a great deal of attention to the school interests of the city 
and also to the Salem Fraternity in the earlier years of 
its foundation. 

It devolves upon me at this time to consider his work 
in natural science, and in so doing I shall venture to make 
a slight study of this remarkable man. 

The work in natural science fifty years ago is not to be 
judged by the standard of investigation demanded to-day. 
The same may be said of physical science, and, indeed, 
of all departments of study and thought. In museums of 
Natural History the collections mainly consisted of speci- 
mens brought home from abroad. As for native material, 
unless a specimen was unique, or of rare occurrence in the 
neisfhborhood, it commanded but little attention from the 
collector. The botanist was compelled to seek his ma- 
terial from regions about his door, as the preparation of 
proper botanical specimens required a certain amount of 
care and trouble which few travellers were inclined to 
take. We thus find the study of botany at that time, and 
the enumeration of species of plants in the country, far in 
advance of similar work in many groups of the animtil 
kiuirdom. With this understanding we nuist consider the 



ri;<>ii>s(»i; mousk's kkmakks. 1.'>7 

work of Doctor Whcutlaiul. Tlio diviTsity of his tastes in 
nntiinil siiciu-o is liosl indiratod \>y a Itiicf <rliiiK'o at IIm' 
various coiitril)Ulions lie made tt) the ineetin<rs of the 
Essex County Natural liistoi-y Society and to the Kssex 
Institute as recorded in their pnhlished transactions. So 
far as I know he math' no special accunnUations ; he had 
no home collectiitns. 

The .lournal of the Essex County Natural History 
Society which preceded that of the Institute contains Doctor 
Wheatland's first coniniunication on zoological subjects. 
This is an account ot the Hoary Bat with specific descrip- 
tion and references to its distril)ution. It had heen !net 
with out three times in Essex County. Another })aper 
of his contain^ a notice of several lishes of i-are occurrence 
in Essex County. In the Essex Institute Proceedings are 
puhlished many evidences ot his active work in zoology. 
At one time iie was nuich interested in collecting the 
.shells of Essex County and vicinity. Much of his ma- 
terial was got by dredging in the waters about the coast. 
The eminent zordogist Stim[)son often accompanied him in 
these trips. In fact, Doctor Wheatland first taught young 
Stimpson, then living in Cambridge, the use of the dredge. 
A primitive form of dredge it is true, but yet these two 
ardent collectors were enabled to add many species of 
moliiisks new to New England waters. This nuist have 
been in 1849 or '50, for in 1851 Dr. Stim[)son published 
his classical catalogue of the shells of New England in 
which Doctor W'hcall.uiil is given the credit of twenty-two 
of the species recorded and many of these are among 
some of the rarest shells lound to-day. The records show 
that he dredged not only in Salem harbor, but t)ll"('ai)e 
Ann and the l>les of Shoals. In ISfd he rend an impor- 
tant paper on the skull of the walrus with general rt-marks 
on the crania of manunals and on the homologies ol the 



158 PROFESSOR morse's REMARKS. 

vertebrate skeleton. At this time he was interested in 
the comparative anatomy of the vertebrates and made 
quite an extensive collection of anatomical preparations. 
In 1856 he communicated a paper on the anatomical struc- 
ture of the rabbit, including a history of the domesticated 
varieties. In 1858 he commented upon a collection of 
fishes from Surinam which had been presented to the So- 
ciety, and at the same time made some remarks on the 
su})ject of aquaria which at that time was attracting con- 
siderable attention from the interest aroused in the mat- 
ter by the beautiful works of Philip Gosse of England. 
In 1861 he discussed the methods of improving the sac- 
charine qualities of beet root. In the same year he made 
a communication on the habits and history of orthopterous 
insects. In 1863, at a field meeting on Salem Neck, he 
gave a list of the various minerals found in the vicinity. 
To have made the above communications, many of them 
in the form of extemporaneous remarks, indicates a very 
general knowledge of natural science. The records of his 
most extensive studies are, however, to be found in the 
Historical Collections, and here his large and varied 
knowledge of local historical and genealogical subjects is 
fully shown. 

His few public addresses indicate a clear head and a 
warm heart. His remarks on the occasion of the presen- 
tation to the Academy of the memorial tablet to Caleb 
Cooke was a sympathetic recognition of Mr. Cooke's devo- 
tion to the Institutions with which he had been connected. 
The dignity and courtesy of his address to Canon Kings- 
ley on his visit to the Institute is well remembered. 

Besides the various communications recorded we must 
take into account the laborious task imposed on him as 
Secretary and Treasurer of the Institute for so many 
years. Five volumes of the Essex Institute Proceedings 



rKOFKSSOU MOUSES UKMAKKS. lf)it 

jis well :is a larixc niimhor of parts of tho Bulletin wore 
nearly all compiled and put in shape for the press hy him. 
Aeeounts kejit, [)root" corrected, the luiiiute references 
justified, the records of innumeral)le lield meetings in the 
various parts of the county, usually prefaced by a hrief 
historical notice of the place in which the field meeting 
was held, all show the voluminous nature of the work 
done h\- Doctor AVheatland. In making up the volumes of 
the Proceedings he was greatl}' aided by Professor Put- 
nam, I)ut nevertheless every page was scanned by the Doc- 
tor. It is not too much to say that the Essex Institute 
and, indirectly, its sister institution, the Peabody Academy 
of Science, may be looked upon as the results of Doctor 
Wheatland's life-long devotion to the cause of science and 
history in this community. 

It is too early now to take cognizance of the minute 
traits that characterized this interesting man, yet this 
brief sketch would be imperfect did I not dwell in a gen- 
eral way on certain traits and habits which would l)etter 
portray the character of this unique spirit and illustrate 
his unparalleled devotion to the Institute. His appear- 
ance was familiar to every resident of Salem. With the 
regularity of a (dock he passed back and forth on Essex 
street for over. half a century. In later years his form 
was slightly bent, but those who knew him forty years 
ago said that he bore the same general a[)pearance as in 
recent years. As a young man he always had an oldish 
look. One could recognize his character at a glance. As 
he walked along in an abstracted fashion, one could see 
the student and anti(|uarian in his dress, walk and ges- 
ture. He rarely recognized an acquaintance on the street 
and unless spoken to would walk rapidly by. His pro- 
file bore a marked resemblance to that of Dante, as pict- 
ured by Scheffer. This reseml)lance has been repeatedly 

HIST. COM-. VOL. XXX 21 



160 PROFESSOR morse's REMARKS. 

remarked upon by many who saw him for the first time. 
So impressive was this aspect of his face that Professor 
W. C. Cleveland, an artist as well as a mathematician, 
was able to reproduce it from memory so correctly that 
it was immediately recognized. In his habits he was reg- 
ular and abstemious. His frugality was also a marked 
feature of his life. The scrupulously-saved fragments of 
blank writing paper upon which he made his notes and 
memoranda served for his letter paper also. So thorongh- 
ly was his life identified with the Institute's welfare that 
many of his ways and habits had been formed in obedience 
to this devotion. For years he acted as watchman to the 
Institute, going to the building after dark and climl)ing to 
the attic over a staircase, so precipitous that a ladder 
would have seemed a safer way. 

With his unceasing fidelity to the Institute he was never 
known to induce one to become a member, nor was he 
ever known personally to express special thanks for 
donations to its collections. Even when the objects w'ere 
of value he would say to the donor, "Yes, like them very 
well : put them down there," — without even glancing at 
them. This devoted nature who gave every moment of 
his life to the multifarious interests of the Institute, with- 
out caring for or expecting an}^ recognition, could not 
easily understand why others, who were willing to part 
with objects often of no possible use to them, should be 
specially thanked. That he felt grateful for the contribu- 
tions, however, is shown in his address on the occasion 
of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Institute in 1873. 
In this address he said : "The occasion suggests many 
associations that cannot be passed over in silence. The 
place and surroundings are crowded with them, the build- 
ing, the varied relics, the books, are not without their his- 
tory, and are continually reminding us of the debt of 



PROFESSOR morse's REMARKS. llll 

fjnititiidc wo owe to tliosc tliiouL'li whose lilu-rality tlicy 
w'vvv ohtaliiod." 

A niarkcil tcatiiic o( his characlcr was his porsistent 
ph)tl(linu: ah)iiir rci tain lines, iievor, tor a niomciit, tor- 
getting the varions goals whieh, though tangible t() him, 
were yet in the indelinite Intiire. The hoi)elessiiess of 
reaehinof some of these iroals would have made the most 
courageous despair, hut he never despaired, nor was he 
ever guilty of currying favor in order to reacli them more 
(juickly and, though the distance was great, he never 
htinit'd. Me never slidwcd the slightest impatience at 
delays, always slow, delil)erale, yet always working to 
certain dctinite ends, it might he the completion of some 
fjenealoi^ical i)ian(h, or to secure larger accommodations 
for the Institute. As an illustration of this deliberate 
way of working, the following story is told. He h;;d 
occasion to write to a correspondent for some clew to a 
matter that he was at work ui)on. The letter was written 
in 1870. Twenty-one years after he got an answer. On 
some surprise being expressed at this long delay, the 
Doctor replied : "Well, what could thiMnan do? He 
couldn't send it if he hadn't got it." 

His tastes were of the simplest kinds and while taking 
the deepest interest in the varied work of the Institute, 
history, science, nnisic, art, flower and fruit exhibitions, 
popular Held meetings in comitry towns, and in the more 
serious home meetings, he confessed to no special love 
for musi(;, and admitted he had never read a line of 
Shakespeare. He showed the greatest repugnance to hav- 
ing his likeness taken, and only in later years and after 
repeated refusals was he linally induced to have a photo- 
graph taken for the Massachusetts Historical Society. 
This repugnance having linally been overcome, he con- 
sented to sit for the beautiful portrait l)y Vinton. 



162 PROFESSOR morse's REMARKS. 

Emerson, in speaking of our insignificance in the pres- 
ence of infinite space, said : " The stars look down on a 
political meeting and say 'why so hot, little man?' " Doctor 
Wheatland had in a measure the philosophical calm of 
Emerson. In speaking of the war he said: "It will 
come out all right. What's the use of getting excited?" 
He never showed any special interest in discussions on 
religion, [)olitics, temperance, or the labor question. In 
these matters he evidently held his convictions, or rather 
the expression of them, in al)eyance, wholly in the inter- 
ests of the Institute, for said he: "all kinds of views are 
held by the members and there is no good in provoking 
dissensions." His whole attitude was that of non-resist- 
ance, and Tolstoi could have found no better illustration 
of his peculiar views in this respect than in those of Dr. 
Wheatland. At this point I cannot refrain from calling 
attention to the absolute harmony which has always per- 
vaded the councils of the Institute. There have never 
arisen cliques. There have been divergences of opinion, 
but these have never been expressed to the peril of the 
Society. Individual preferences and opinions have been 
sacrificed for the welfare of the whole, and this remarkable 
accord has been the result of Doctor Wheatland's patience 
and sagacity in guiding the work of the Institute. This 
is more noteworthy when the divergent interests of the 
Institute work is considered. Totally ditferent bodies of 
members, the result of the early fusion of the two Socie- 
ties, have been brought together ; the one standing for 
historical and genealogical researches, the other for the 
pursuit of technical and popular science, to which should 
be added those interested in art, horticulture, floricultui'e, 
and members interested only in the success of the Insti- 
tute as a whole. It is true they all had a common bond 
in the simple love and pursuit of truth. However that may 



PROFESSC^K "MoltSK's KKMAIfKS. 1 ('>.'» 

he, snroly hero one might fiiul, if jinywhoie, opportniiitics 
for attrition, personal preference, special demands for 
appropriation, divergent opinions as to the weight to !•»• 
accorded certain dei)artinents ; yet ail have r«'ceived 
impartial attention and consideration from the gentU' ajid 
dispassionate guide who hekl the liehii for more than half 
a century. 

While having a wide and varied knowledge in many 
hranches of learning, the reserve and modesty with which 
he imparted this knowledge were proverhial. Often he 
declared he knew nothing al)ont a suhject and then began 
with some hesitation : " Well, it seems that along ahont 
IG'Jl, etc.," and from this non-connnittal preface would 
unfold a most remarkable fund of information. He could 
refer to book and page with wonderful facility. On some 
inquir}'^ being made he would say : " Well, if yon look 
on such a shelf, you will tind the book you want and on 
page 46, half way down, you'll see what you arc after." 

He had a good deal of humor ; enjoyed fun and laughed 
heartily. His expressions were often quaint and to the 
point though clothed in thesim[)lest speech and sometimes 
l)lunt. Some years ago the Institute held a fair and, as 
was very common at the tinie, a ratHe was introduced. 
Some one made complaint about it, and the Doctor said : 

"If you and Mis. had kept one eye shut and the 

other e^'e half open, there would have been no troul)le." 

He was never demonstrative though always earnest. A 
serenity of manner, a sweet, almost coy way of imparling 
information, and a peculiai- pursing ot the lips when 
speaking of some (piiet tiiumph of the Institute, or when 
the Institute, with its then limited resources, had antici- 
pated other societies more lichly endowed, aic vividly 
remembered b^' those who knew him. ( )ni' wondeicd if 
this placid demeanor was ever di-turlinl : whclheia ripple 



164 PROFESSOR morse's REMARKS. 

ever agitated this tranquil mind. The same wonder was 
expressed in regard to the beloved Philh'ps Brooks, and I 
am sure that many felt another bond of sympathy with 
this great man when a learned bishop told ns the other 
day that Phillips Brooks could, in the most vehement and 
passionate manner, denounce an outrageous abuse. So it 
was with Doctor Wheatland : on rare occasions his usually 
unruffled nature was convulsed as by a thunder burst. 

His diffidence and modesty were always shown in the 
manifest embarrassment he labored under in presiding over, 
or addressing a meeting. He would often hestitate and 
stammer until he finally got under way, and this hesitancy 
on such occasions he never outgrew. 

By briefly recapitulating this imperfect personal sketch 
of Doctor Wheatland, a peculiar and somewhat reniarkal)le 
feature is shown in certain antithetical phases of his char- 
acter. He was never enthusiastic, yet always kindled 
enthusiasm in others. W^hile abstemious in the last degree, 
he never found fault with others for being otherwise. Ex- 
ceedingly frugal, he never complained of others for their 
extravagances. While abstaining from tobacco and spirits 
in every form, he never interfered with the enjoyment of 
others in these matters. With unwavering devotion to the 
Institute he never solicited aid for it or asked any one to 
become a member. Regarding the field meetings of the 
utmost importance and always attending them, he never 
chided others for not attending. 

While saving every penny for the Institute he never 
cast reflections on others for directing their money else- 
where. 

He dwelt in the past, and yet continually planned for 
the future. 

Some of the wisest sayings of Confucius well illustrate 
certain features of Doctor Wheatland's mind. Confucius 



ruoFHssoi: .M(u:si:"s i:i;.makks. l(i.") 

SJH'S ill Ills Analects : "Thiiiirs thai aie iloiu' it is lu'cdlcss to 
speak about ; things that have had their course it is need- 
less to remonstrate al)out ; things that are i)asl it is need- 
less to bhune." "Is he not a man ()fcomi)lete virtue who 
feels no discomposure though men may take no note of 
him?" 

The elasticity and youthlul hopefulness of his mind up 
to the last moment of his active work for the Institute may 
be reganled as unusual. That crystallization and ligidity 
of the mind whit-h often overtake a man at forty, and 
which, for the cause he represents, is more to be deploied 
than if it had been lost entirely, never for a moment 
atfected the Doctor. His outlook was always of the widest 
dimensions, and he talked of the e.\[)ansi()n of the Insti- 
tute with the undaunted courage of a youth possessed of 
unlimited resources. He had seen the Institute grow' from 
a few members, occupying a small hired room, possessing 
a few specimens and books, and an empty treasury, to an 
organization of nearly four hundred members, occupying 
a larije buildinix of its own, WMth invested funds of over 
one hundred thousand dollars and a library of sixty thou- 
sand \olumes. In his view such a gri)wth could not be 
arrested, and we may here introduce with i)ro[)riety th(! 
words of Doctor Wheatland, uttered on an occasion similar 
to that which now calls us together. At a niem(»rial meet- 
ing on the death of Francis Peabody, the predecessor of 
Doctor Wheatland as President of the Institute, the lat- 
ter remarked : " Although nuuh has been aceom[)lislu'il, 
yet we have only entered upon the threshold of the domain 
of science. More remains to be done before the objects 
which these pioneers have lal)ored for can l»e said to l)e in a 
good working condition. This duty is never linished ; the 
more an institution does, the wider the vista opens and a 
greater amount of labor is found necessary to be done, 



166 PROFESSOR morse's REMARKS. 

increasing as it progresses in a geometrical ratio. It is a 
law of nature that, when any institution or organic object 
ceases to grow, decay commences and a gradual dissolution 
follows." 

So full of quiet enthusiasm for the final accomplishment 
of his high aims, he looked ahead hopefully to the ultimate 
development of a large historical museum in which would 
be properly displayed the Provincial and Colonial records 
of the County, as well as records of the commercial 
history of this historic city. May we not hope that the 
realization of this scheme, so dear to the heart of Doctor 
Wheatland, may be the best memorial to sti-ive for to 
perpetuate foi-ever the memory of this devoted spirit. 

I cannot do better than to close with Doctor Wheatland's 
own words uttered in the final sentences of his introduc- 
tory remarks at the memorial meeting above referred to : 
" Let all who revere the memory of the departed and 
desire to have accomplished, or at least greatly advanced, 
the objects that were dear to them, come forward and 
extend a helping hand to those who bear the heat and 
burden of the day. Though dead they yet speak in the 
recollection of their zeal and energy in all worthy under- 
takings,— truly their good works follow them." 



THE REV. DR. BOLLES INTRODUCED. 

The Vice President then said : It is to tlio credit of 
our clergy thut tliere has never been :i time wIumi the In- 
stitute failed to receive marked tokens of interest in its 
work from some of their numl)er. Nor has tiiis evidence 
of good will been restricted to a single dcnoniinntion. 
Our minds revert with pleasure to the counienance and 
cooperation of such efficient members as Russell, Very, 
Barden, Beanian, Atwood, and Bolles, of the remoter 
past, besides others who have been more recently asso- 
ciated with us. As a representative of the clergy it was 
expected b}- the committee of arrangements that the pastor 
of our late President would add something a})proi)riate to 
what should be spoken on this occasion, although the com- 
mittee appreciated the difficulty he must encounter in de- 
vising a new treatment of a theme which he has already 
so well discussed in the memorial sermon to which the 
present proceedings are virtually an appendix. I regret 
to say I have learned, since we assembled here, that sudden 
and severe illness will prevent his being with us this 
evening. However, we are fortunately favored with the 
piesence of one of the clergymen whose names I have 
mentioned — one whose loss to the Institute by his removal 
from the state we have never ceased to de[)lore — who, I 
am assured, is ready to comply with the request I malv^e 
in your behalf that he gratify us once more with the 
sound of that vo'we to whieh we ever lisleiicd with profit 
and delight. I present U) you Rev. Dr. Kdwin ('. Holies 
of New York. 

IllSr. COM.. VOL. XXX 22 (1<>7) 



168 KEMAKKS OF DR. BOLLES. 

Dr. Bolles, in the course of his tribute, said : 

The first thought that came to his mind and leaped to 
his lips on an occasion like this was a sentiment of per- 
sonal attachment for Salem. He had wandered far, — 
he was straying a truant long, — hut for all that, he never 
thought of the old place, especially did he never revisit 
the old phice, that Salem did not seem to come hack to 
him freshly and irresistibly as the home of his aftections. 
Whatever experiences of joy or sorrow might be in store 
for him behind the veil of the mysterious future, he was 
sure he would always reckon himself, and would always 
hope and pray to be regarded as, a loyal son of Salem, — 
as an active rather than as an honorary or corresponding 
member of the Essex Institute. 

It was now thirty-three years, — a full generation of men, 
— since he first associated himself with Doctor Wheat- 
land in active membership of the Essex Institute, and felt 
the honor it was to count himself amongst the personal 
friends of one who stood then, as he always stood, for 
whatever was best and noblest in the life and culture of 
this community. But the Institute was not then, what it 
is to-day, sturdy, self-poised, self-contained, self-reliant. 
It stood then for all that it stands for now, — so did its 
president, the great educator, the great scientist, the 
inspirer of youth, the good exemplar and guide, — but it did 
not stand firmly and immutably upon its own feet, fixed 
on a broad foundation in the love and appreciation of this 
whole community ; on the contrary, it depended then 
upon the courage and persistency and, I may say, the 
enthusiastic zeal of a little group of workers. I say "enthu- 
siastic zeal" ; and in this I find myself, said Doctor Bolles, 
at issue with the Professor who has preceded me, for I think 
Doctor Wheatland was an enthusiast, an)oit his enthusiasm 
did not toss and boil and bubble, but worked I'oiselessly 



IJK.MAKKS OF DH. 150LLES. 169 

ami almost iinnott'd — .still woikiiii; to its a})|)oiiite{l end. 
" Still wattMs 11111 (loe[)" : the Doctor's oliaracteristicvs were 
not displayed on the .surface. They were subtile. They 
were deep-seated. One must needs dig further in order 
to be sure of tinding them, and I must difter from my 
friend, Profes.sor Morse, when I sa}' that it was precisely 
because of his intense eiitluisiasin, — abiding long,incapal)le 
of iiiterriii)tioii or discouragenient, — that the Doctor was 
so undemonstrative. Do we not see, let me ask, in the 
e(|ual but unlike enthusiasm of Professor Morse, — himself 
a reflection of the very enthusiasm which tired the heart 
of our common Nestor and leader, — a tlaine kindled at the 
same jjlowing ember? 

Doctor Wheatland had not passed middle age before he 
took on a venerable look. But his heart was young to 
the last, and no trait of his character was more engaging 
and attractive than his unbounded sympathy with the ccm- 
cerns and efforts of young people. 

Such men as Doctor Wheatland, who are willing and 
eager to do the obscure drudgeiy of science until higher 
results may be reached for, make the work of Agassiz and 
Henry and the great luminaries in science possible. The 
Doctor did not desire to be known, to receive credit, to 
i)e conspicuous. He desired to labor, to wait, to prepare 
the way, to be a door-keeper in the house. He was a 
bom collector. To accumulate, to save from the ravages 
of time, to rescue from the besom of destruction, — this was 
not so much matter of volition as of instinct with him. 
Anything, if kept long enough, becomes interesting in an 
archaic way ; anything, if carefully preserved and mi- 
croscopically studied with the eye of an expert, is liable 
to hel[) to some broader generalization, not yet arrived 
at, only dimly foreshadowed. The mo.st familiar fact, the 
most seemingly unimportant occurrence, — the fall of the 



170 REMARKS OF DR. BOLLES. 

apple, the hum of the tea-kettle, — if duly and scientific- 
ally observed may lead, who knows where? who knows 
how? to the unfolding of some hidden law, to the unloos- 
ing of some titanic force, fitted in its majestic sway to 
shape the destiny of planets ! To the Doctor, impressed 
with this view, nothing was too mean to be important. 
He saved everything. Everything had its lesson and its 
message. His eye was alert. His ear was keen. If he 
failed to catch the meaning of the bit he cherished, some 
one who came after him would do better. Accumulation 
of the facts and evidences and specimens is the first step. 
Generalization, the discovery and interpretation of laws, 
comes later. Agassiz used to say that he was only a col- 
lector. When enough material was at hand, others might 
classify and interpret with assurance. So it was with 
the Doctor: everything was sacred to him, as possibly 
concealing an unsuspected truth. He was a collector by 
instinct, by nature, by the grace of God, and not merely 
by accident or training. 

Doctor Wheatland felt the broadest sympathy and fellow- 
ship with workers in all kindred fields of learning and was 
never weary of answering the questions of inquirers, if 
only they were honest seekers after knowledge. His store- 
house was open to all comers and he rarely failed to as- 
tonish and overwhelm the tyro in any branch which he 
had studied, by pouring out upon him a pent-up flood of 
curious and priceless information. He labored strictly 
for other people ; the return he sought, the only one he 
seemed to care for, was the support and perpetuation of 
the Essex Institute. Such devotion is contagious. It 
did not fail to show its eft'ects upon a school of younger 
men, with whom I am proud to find myself deemed 
worthy of association. I owe much to Doctor Wheatland. 
I am glad to be remembered amonirst those thought 



KKMAHKS or DK. BOLLES. 



171 



worthy to hreiik sileiu-o on this occtision. I conic licic to 
!ickiio\vU'(li;c my dcht with :i s^oloinn .satisfaction ; and whih* 
Doctor Wheathmd'"^ earthly ininiortality is secure, — tor his 
name and tame are written indelibly in the hearts and 
minds ot" this eommnnity, — it is not unfit to sa}' that no 
man in this community can rightly honor hin), while 
allowing his cherished Institute to languish for lack ol 
material assistance. 



LETTERS RECEIVED. 

Amongst the many expressions of sympathy received 
tiiroiigh the mails were these : 

T. F. Hunt, Esq. 

Dear Sir : — 

When I came to Salem as a yonng girl, Doctor 
Wheatland was, next to my guardian, Dr. Wm. H. Prince, 
a kind and helpful friend. I cared very little for the 
sports of other girls, and every hour that I could find, 
free from home studies or music, I used to spend with the 
Doctor at the "little Museum." 

He knew how grateful I was to him, and I know that 
his place can never he filled. 

When different tributes are paid to him I hope to add, 
if permitted, my modest, but sincere one. I knew him as 
friend, counsellor, school committee, and scientist; but, 
dearest to me of all, as a faithful historian. 
Yours respectfully, 

(Mrs.) Kate Tannatt Woods. 
" Maple Nest," Salem, Mass. 
March 11th, 1893. 

Mr. William P. Upham writes from 

Newtonville, Mass., 
March 14, '93. 
I shall hope to be present at the memorial 
meeting, April 17th. If prevented, I shall wish to join in 
the affectionate testimonial to the memory of the good 
"Doctor" which so many will be glad to render. 
(172) 



LETTERS RECEIVRO. 173 

We are all irrateful that, though in certain respects his 
])lace can never be filled, there are those who are able and 
willinLC to take up and carry on the good work for which 
he l.iid tlu' foundations. 

However I may " drift away," Salem and the " Insti- 
tute " is the haven to which I should aiwa^'s hope to 
return. One can find nothing like it, — certainly on this 
side the Atlantic. What observation I have had of other 
places and other institutions has led nic to believe that 
on some points Salem and its mental atmosphere (so 
to s[)eak) possess greater promise than any of them. 
If the Doctor could have had the means to cany out fully 
his ideas, the good influence of the Essex Institute, gi-eat 
as it has been, would have been autl would be preeminently 
greater. 

Danvkrs Historical Society, 
Daxvers, Mass., March 20, 1893. 

At the quarterly meeting of the Danvers Historical 
Society, held this day, the following resolution was unan- 
imously adopted, viz: — 

"Whereas, since the last meeting of this Society, one 
of our Honorary Members has depai-fed this life, — Dr. 
Ileniy Wheatland, the learned anti(juary, and honored 
President of the Essex Institute, it is, therefore. 

Resolved, that we with the other historical societies in 
this vicinity acknowledge willing homage to the Essex 
Institute of Salem. Long founded, fii'mly established, 
the monument of much ix'isonal devotion, the pride of all 
who are interested in the preservation of mateiials for 
local history, it recogni/(>s no rivalry except in the accom- 
plisliiucnl of good, tolerates no jealousy, but is ;it once a 
type and exam|)le of the high position which may lie 
attained, and a help to Nounger societies lo reach its 
standard. 



174 LETTERS RECEIVED. 

Whatsoever tribute may be paid to the Essex Institute 
is a tribute to him, so much of whose life was given to 
promote its beneficial growth. No other praise could 
have been so dear to him, living. 

Henry Wheatland, M. D., LL.D., President of the 
Essex Institute, died in Salem, February 27, 1893, at 
the age of eighty-one years. 

The Danvers Historical Society thus formally takes 
notice of an event, none the less lamented because it was 
not unexpected. 

In the death of Doctor Wheatland this society feels 
conscious of a great loss which it shares in common with 
a wide connnunity. It recognizes the worth of the man 
and the value of his work. It would preserve bj^ this 
simple minute, spread upon its records and transmitted to 
the Essex Institute, its appreciation of the remarkable 
attainments and of the quiet nobility of character of him, 
who, long after many a brilliant reputation of to-day has 
been forgotten, will be known and lovingly remembered 
for what he has done." 

Attest, Sarah E. Hunt, 

Secretary. 

Baltimore, April 3, 1893. 
Hon. Robert S. Rantoul, 

Chairman of Committee of the Essex Institute, 
Dear Sir, 

Numerous pressing duties in the Peabody Institute 
make it impossible for me to leave this city to be present 
at your memorial meeting in honor of the memory of my 
former friend. President Henry Wheatland. 

Although separated from him by many hundreds of 
miles of distance, his kind and genial presence was often 
remembered, and I heartily join with the members of the 



LETTERS RKCEIVED. 175 

Essex Institute in \vli:itever good words they may express 
in honor of this noUlc tind useful friend of science. 

With sincere respect, 

Yours, 

P. K. UHLEK. 

Boston, 4 April, 1893. 
Hon. R. S. Rantoul, 
Chjiirniun, etc. 
My dear Sir, 

I cannot promise myself the privilege of attending 
the meeting of the Essex Institute in memory of its late 
President, Dr. Henry AVheatland, on the 17th inst., hut 
I thank the committee for their obliging invitation. I 
would gladly avail myself of the occasion to hear testimony 
to his faithful and devoted services as Secretary of the 
Peabod}' Museum of Amerii'an Arclueology and Ethnology 
at Cambridge for twenty years past, but the inlirmitio.s of 
age comi)el me to deny myself. 
Believe me. 

Yours, resp'y and truly, 

Roh't. C. Wixtiirop. 

Professor Hall of Albany, the eminent geologist, writes, 
Ai)ril 4 : 

. I thank you for your kind invitation, and would 
cordially accept the same were it possible for me to leave 
Albany at that date, which unfortunately I cannot do. 

Please accept for yourself and friends of llu^ lute Doctor 
Wheatland my sincere sympathy and expressions of my 
respect and great regard. 

Regretting my inability to lie present on this occasion, 
I remain, 

Very res[)ectfully yours, 

James Hall. 

inST. COLL. VOL. XXX 23 



176 lktters received. 

Montreal, 6 April, 1893. 
M. Henry M. Brooks, 

Secretaire, Essex Institute, Salem. 
Monsieur le Secretaire : — 

Si la saute me I'eut permis, je me serais fait un 
devoir d'assister a I'assemblee de I'Essex Institute, qui 
aura lieu, a Salem, le 17 du couraut, en memoire de son 
tres digne president, M. Henry Wiieatland. 

Je vous prie de presenter a I'honorable president et 
a messieurs les membres mes remerciements pour leur 
aimable invitation. 

J'aurais 6te heureux d'entendre les eloges de mon 

ancien et excellent ami, M. Henry Wheatland, que j'ai 

eu rhonneur et le plaisir de recevoir chez moi, lors d'une 

visite qu'il faisait a Montreal, il y a deja plusieurs annees. 

Veuillez bien me croire, Monsieur le Secretaire, 

Votre tout devoue serviteur, 

L. A. Huguet-Latour, M. A., N. P., 
Major-Commandeur, OfBcier d'Academie, 
Membre Corresp. de I'Essex Institute. 



74 Sparks Street, Cambridge, 
April 8, '93. 
Dear Rantoul : — 

I have the notice of the memorial service for Doctor 
Wheatland on April 17, and should be glad if it was i)()s- 
sible forme to attend, and join in the tribute of respect so 
thoughtfully given and so largely deserved. 

Very truly, 

Justin Winsor. 
His Honor, Mayor Rantoul. 



letters; keceived. 177 

\Vasiiini;i'on, D. C, 1311 New IlAMi'smiiE Ave., 

April 10, 1893. 

Henry M. Brooks, Esq., Socrotarv. 

My dear Sir : 

Acknowledging the kind iiivitiitii)ri to be present 
at the meeting of the Essex Institute in memory of its 
late President, Henry Wheatland, I regret very much my 
inahilKy to attend. 

Though tor many years it has not I)een my privilege to 
pass more than a tew hours at a time in Salem, I have 
taken every occasion to visit this friend of my youth, 
only to strengthen the i)ond by which he held my vener- 
ation and aflection. 

There have probably l)een several generations of the 
Doctor's " l)oys.'' I am [)roud of having been among the 
first of the number. Fred. AV. Putnam and myself con- 
stituted the family in our day and generation, having been 
given full possession of the " den " in the first Pickman 
Place location opposite the Coffee House, so called, until 
yielded by me to Putnam alone with his rattlesnakes. 
That I was not blown u\) with my chemicals, nor Putnam 
bitten by his rattlesnakes, has ever since seemed to me a 
marvel. 

All of the friends of the Institute well know what it has 
done for Salem and what its life-president did for that 
institution. Its influence has reached far and wide. Com- 
munities in every state have taken it as a model. A rich 
fit.'ld for biological studies, especially of marine life with 
which the rocky shores of Essex C'ounty aboimd, Salem, 
mostly throu^jh the influenei' of the Institute, has become 
a centre of scientific thought and opinion. 

With the love of science. Doctor Wheatland happily 
combined the pleasures of the antiijnar}' and historian. 



178 LETTERS RECEIVED. 

Both town and county are stored with antiquarian mate- 
rial. Colonial and Puritan records as spread upon the 
pages of the Historical Collections will help to keep up 
the individuality of Salem. 

A tribute to the value and usefulness of the Essex 
Institute will be a tribute to the memory of its late presi- 
dent who gave it life and shaped its development. 

His fine character was impressed upon his countenance. 
Upon it was reflected contemplation of the good, the true 
and the beautiful. Its calm was of perfect peace and good 
will. By us to whom he was endeared his features will 
never be forgotten. I hope the Institute will not sufler 
them to be unknown to future generations of members. 

Thanking you for your mindfulness of my interest in 
the occasion, I am, my dear sir, 

Very respectfully yours, 

Jas. p. Kimball. 



Hon. R. S. Eantoul, 

Chairman of Committee of Essex Institute. 
My DEAR Sir, 

I am grateful for the thoughtful ness of your 
card of the 2r)th ult. in reverential memory. 

If there was ever man who might eushrine himself in 
loving remembrance, for the love and truth that were in 
his very soul — pervaded his being — that man was our late 
honored President, Henry Wheatland. 

I never have been allowed the happiness to sniff of the 
incense of your historic old town, embalming the begin- 
niugs of progressive New England, but I did have the 
memorable, not-to-be-forgotten pleasure to greet Mr. 
Wheatland here, and thus to know him, as his soul beamed 
in liis countenance and discourse. 



LETTKR8 RECKIVEI). 170 

I could l(»\e IK) hotter in:tn, I'll staki' my IiciiiLT <»ii it. 
My LLiii't is with you, I noetl lutl ;i,ssiire you, in the 
translation ot" ono ol" (Joil's and nature's nohlost niodiuius 
and e.\i)()nenls, — of a simple, earnest seivant. 

Faithfully yours, 

R. A. Brock. 
Richmond, Va., April 10, '03. 



Rev. Gko. D. Wildes writes thus from 

Christ Church Rectory, Riverdalk, 
New York Citv, April loth. 
. During the twenty-six years in whicii I have 
been more or less in the habit of re-visitinij Salem, my 
earliest call has almost invariably been upon my dear 
friend and former Institute associate, Henry Wheatland. 
An hour in his comi)any was replete with instruction and 
deli<rht. Now that he is gone, 1 venture to say, as in one 
of the Church's supplications, " May perpetual light rest 
upon him" ! 

Boston, April 1 1th, 1893. 
Mr. Henry M. Brooks: 
Secretary Essex Institute. 
Dear Sir, 

I deeply regret that my al).sence from Boston, next 
week, will pievent my participation in your memorial 
meeting in honor of the late [)resideut of the Institute, 
Dr. Henry Wheatland. 

Although unable to be present, 1 desire to express my 
profound respect for his character, and to join the mem- 
bers in honoring the memory ot One tor whose life 1 have 
always had the highest admiration. 



180 LETTERS RECEIVED. 

Personally I owe him a debt of gratitude for the interest 
he has always had in my work and the ever ready hand to 
help me in every way. 

I extend to my fellow members of the Institute the 
deepest sympathy in their great loss. 
Very sincerely yours, 

J. Walter Fewkes. 



Cabinet of the Rhode Island 
Historical Society, 
Providence, R. I., April I2th, 1893. 
Henry M. Brooks, Esq., 

Secretary of the Essex Institute. 

My dear Sir : — 
. . . But while I may not be able to show my sym- 
pathy in your atHiction by personal presence at these 
exercises, I feel none the less deeply for you in your sor- 
row. Great as the loss of the personal presence of your 
late president must be to your Society, it cannot fail to be 
an unfailing source of satisfaction that his memory will 
ever remain as an inspiration to all vt'ho may succeed 
him. 

Very truly yours, 

Horatio Rogers, 

President R. I. Hist. Society. 

Providence, R. I., April 12, 1893. 
Hon. Robert S. Rantoul : 

Chairman of Com. Essex Institute. 
My dear Sir, 

I hoped to have been able to attend the memo- 
rial meetino: of the Essex Institute on the eveninir of 



LETTERS RECEIVED. 181 

the 17tli, hut rtiid tliat I shall have to spciul that night in 
Washington. I wouUl nuu'h like to hoar the tiilintcs ot" 
love anil respect which will he paid to the ineniory of 
Doctoi" Wheatland. When a hoy visiting Salem, I exi)e- 
rienced much kindness and encouragement from our 
departed friend, and was one of n)any 3oung naturalists 
whom he encouraged. He was one of the most active and 
hearty of the pioneers of science in this country. The 
Institute, with its building, tine library, and its endow- 
ment, owes more to him than to any one man. His life was 
a benediction and his memory will ever be cherished by 
every son of Essex. Our Ainerican civilization still lacks 
men of such culture and devotion to lil)eral studies, and 
we can do none too nnicii to hold up their lives as 
examples for others to follow. Again exi)ressing my 
regret at not being able to be present at these exercises, 
I remain. Yours very resi)ectfully, 

A. S. Packard. 



Law Library, 
Minneapolis, April 12th, 1893. 
Dear Mr. Brooks : — 

Your invitation to the meeting of the Institute in mem- 
ory of Doctor Wheatland was the first notice to nic of his 
death. 

The great distance, of course, prevents my presence, I)ut 
I doubt that an}' one, who will be theie, realizes more 
fully than 1 do the inestimable service and the imvarying 
d(>votion he has shown the institution evci- since he l)eeame 
a meml)er of it. 

For many years, few were more constant frequenters of 
it, and more earnest users of its stores than myself, and 
my daily intercourse with him acquainted me with his 
rare and valuable qualities, and his entire use of them for 



182 LETTERS RECEIVED. 

the benefit of the work he had so much at heart, and by 
which, the community — one may sa}', the country — has 
so largely profited. 

I hope his portrait shall be added to its collection, and, 
although the Institute itself is his best monument, mre 
perennms, yet a bust also should stand there, a personifi- 
cation to coming generations of the man to whom they 
will owe so much. 

With a deep sense of personal loss. 

Yours very trul}^, 

Stanley Waters. 
Mr. Henry M. Brooks, 
Sec'y of the Essex Institute. 



West Newbury Natural History Club ; 

Office of the Secretary. 
West Newbdry, Mass., April 13, 1893. 

To Robert S. Rantoul, Chairman, Edward S. Morse, 
and others, Committee, Essex Institute, Salem, Mass. 

The undersigned, by direction and on behalf of the club, 
beg leave to acknowledge the receipt of your kind invita- 
tion to attend the meeting of the Essex Institute, to be 
held April 17, in memory of the late Hein-y Wheatland ; 
and, in expressing regret at their inability to be present 
on that occasion, to extend sympathy in the great loss 
sustained, and communicate a word of tribute to one, who, 
while lal)oring with great devotion and eminent success 
for the Institute, took a kindly interest in the organiza- 
tions which have sprung from it. His work will be an 
enduring monument and an inspiring example. 

William Merrill, jr., ^ 

M. Walsh Bartlett, ? Committee. 

D. E. M. Carleton. ^ 



LETTERS RECEIVEn. 1^3 

Bolton, Aritii- 14, 1893. 
Deak Sii{ : — 

I tliMiik 3'()ii for tlic invitaCion to he with yoii and others 
of the Essex Institute, in eoinnu'inoration of Doctor Wheat- 
land. It would ijive nu' pleasure to aecejit this invitation, 
l)oth out of respect to his nieinorv and out of the atlection 
whicii will not die out of 1113' heart for the city, ancient to 
us, in which his life was spent. But if there were no 
hindrances besides, that of age must put it beyond my 
hope. And it is hardly necessaiy for me to repeat what 
every one knows so well, how thoroughly its late presi- 
dent was devoted to the society with which he had i)een 
so long and so intimately comiected, — so intimately that I 
have sometimes said that he was the Essex Institute. 
And yet I could never forget the many so woith}' and so 
faithful, who have worked with him, nor can doubt that the 
younger will npi)rove themselves fit successors of those 
who have gone before them. May the Institute fulfil the 
highest asjiirations of its pioneer, and the city be forever 
true to its name. 

Respectfully yours, 

Thomas T. Stone. 
Mr. Henuy M. Brooks, Salem. 



Cabinet of the Rhode Island 

Historical Society. 
Providence, R. T., Apkif, 14, 1S1)3. 
•Mk. IIknuv M. Buooks, 
Sec'y Essex Institute. 

Dear Sir, 
No word of mine coidd add to the honor of your lament(>(l 
president. Dr. Ilemy Wheatland, lleisa public benefac- 
tor outside of Salem and of Massachusetts. His name has 

HIST. COLL. VOL. XXX 24 



184 LETTERS RECP^IVEl). 

been spoken with honor at many of the meetings of 
this society. He became a corresponding niem])er of onr 
society in 1873 and we are indebted to him for many 
valuable suggestions. Unless prevented l)y some unfore- 
seen event I will be with you next Monday evening at 
8 o'clock. 

Very truly yours, 

Amos Perry, Secy. 



Dii. Oliver writes under date of 

Boston, April 14th, 1893. 
Such simplicity and perfect naturalness of 
character it is rare to tind in a single individual. He pos- 
sessed also, in an eminent degree, sincere kindliness of 
heart and unseltishness. In the descri[)ti()ns of his char- 
acter which will 1)0 given at the meeting to his memory, 
no one, I think, will wholly succeed in portraying it 
exactly to such as did not know him personally. Among 
those who will speak 1 hope that there will be at least 
one, who will mention the very gi-eat influence Doctor 
Wheatland had upon the younger [lortion of the commun- 
ity in which he lived, in directing their attention to the 
love of nature. It would be interesting to know how 
many of the large mnnl)er of persons, reared in Salem, 
who have attained eminence in scientific pursuits, were 
first led to their favorite study through the influence of 
Doctor Wheatland ; and how many persons, amateurs in 
various branches of science, derived their interest in these 
pursuits trom his inspiration. I i-emember vividly, as a 
boy, wandering with my fellows through the woods and 
fields around Salem, searching for anything which might 
come to hand in the way of natiu'al history. Any object 
strange to us would be sure to elicit from one of our num- 
ber the remark, "Well, Doctor Wheatland will tell us 



LKTTKKS IJECF.IVKI). 185 

what it is," III my own colli'irc rluss at Harvard, of the 
nicrnher.s fioiu Salem, eight in iiumhei', two hecame pivsi- 
(lents of the Ilai'vard Natural History Socit^l;/, and theii- 
interest in the ohjeets of tin' Si»ci»'ty Iiad a niaiUed 
inlluenee upon their future eareers. 

AssuriniT vou a^ain of mv reirret at not l>ein«>: able to 
l>e present at the nicetinu', 

I am vt'iy faithfidly yours, 

Hkxky K. Or.iVKU, M. D. 

Honl.''' Kohi'rt S. Kantoul. 



Brooklixk, Mass., Apuh, 14, 1893. 
To Messrs. Hoheit S. Kantoul, Cliairman, Edward S. 
Morse, Charles 8. Osgood, David Pingree, Sidney Perley, 
John Robinson, Thomas F. Hunt, Henry M. Rrooks, 
Seeretary, Conunittee : 

Gentlemen : — 

I thank 3'ou tor your gi'atifying invitation to attend 
the meeting of the Essex Institute, '' in memory of its late 
president, Henry Wheatland," on Monday evening next. 
I regret that I must depiive myself of the pleasure of 
being present. It must have recpiired these many months 
of enforced exile on his part, to accustom his tellow mem- 
bers, as they met, to the thought that the Institute eould 
be at all Itself, without Doctor Wheatland. 

Seldom has any man l)ecome so identilied with an 
institution or had its interests so nuich at heart. Indeed, 
it will i)e hard for you not to feel that he is still with you 
— a .silent guest — at vonr meetinuf <>n Mondav. 
1 remain, gentlemen. 

Respectfully and thankfully yours, 

William Okxe White. 



186 letters received. 

Chicago, Illinois, April 17, 1893. 
To THE Secretary of the Essex Institute : 

To my grief that our beloved president will not again 
be with us is added my dis:4)pointment at not being with 
3^ou to-night to join in the tril)utes of love and honor that 
will be offered to his memory. Imperative (hities keep 
me here in connection with the great work which no one 
would have more highly appreciated or have felt a greater 
personal interest in than my life-long friend. 

As a child I loved nature, and my parents, encouraging 
my tastes, brought me to the notice of Doctor Wheatland. 
Memory takes me l)ack to my boyhood before I had 
entered my teens when, in the small room of the old Insti- 
tute, known as the " Doctor's Den," I l)egan to dissect 
animals and prepare skeletons under the Doctor's guid- 
ance, while many a day was passed with him on collecting 
expeditions in the fields or on the shore, with an occasional 
afternoon's dredoino; in the harI)or. The Doctor was geol- 
ogist, mineralogist, botanist, zoologist, — in a word, a 
thorough naturalist of the old school. He was the first to 
cast a dredge in our waters, and it was his aim to h;ive in 
the Institute a perfect representation of the natural his- 
tory of Essex County. His enthusiasm and his persistency 
under trials and difficulties, and his phil()so[)hical method 
of overcominof them, his faith that in time the Institute 
would receive the unsolicited sup[)()rt of thoughtful and 
cultivated citizens, inspired me as it did many others, 
both young and old ; and to his faith and earnest work is 
due the Institute of to-day. Fortius realization, and lor 
all the Institute has done for science and history, we of 
two generations are indebted to the earnest persistency of 
our guide, our friend, our president. 

Doctor Whetitland's influence guided my youth and 



I.KTTKRS RKCKIVKl). 187 

sh.-ipcd my comso in life. Ho was my fiithor in >cionce 
and to him, with the consent of my parents, am I indebted 
for my instiMu-tion nnder Agassiz, Wyman and Gi"ay. 
It was lie who answered Airassiz' letter that took me to 
Camhiidufe when a hoy of sixteen, and his kindly intel•e^t 
in all that eoneei-ned mi', eomhined with n)y laith in him 
and his work, nnilcd us m(»ie and more cIoscIn' as time 
passed on, and toirether we worked most earnestly for 
the development of the Institute. Knowino; him as 
intimately as I did, I eould understand and appreciate his 
earnest character and his all-ahsorhing interest in his 
cherished Institute, and thus I joined in all his schemes 
with the enthusiasm and hope of youth. 

In the old days, our constant trouble was to secure the 
means of purchasing alcohol and jars for the collections 
we made, and to pay the taxidermist's bills for mounting 
our birds, with the still greater ditficulty of providing 
cases for the museum and shelves for the books. Under 
the Doctor's peisistent efforts, specimens and books came 
faster to our halls than money for their care. These were 
the trying houis. Often did the Doctor start olf early 
in the morning, with a wagon load of boys, to gather 
everjrreen and wild flowers with which to decorate our halls 
for a horticidtiM'al show or a fair, and, on our return, there 
would l)e found in the rooms a large; nmnl>er of ladies, 
enli^tetl in the cause, who soon had the walls covered with 
festoons of green and clusters of flowers. All Salem was 
interested then to make the object a suece-s, while all 
engaged in the immediate work looked to the Doctor as 
the leader and guide. These elforts, with now and then 
a course of lectures or a subscii[)lion p;iper, enabled the 
Institute to live and pi-os[)er, and tin; interest with which 
the Doctor kept account of the expenses and receipts, and 
tried by every means to make the i)rotits a little larger, 



188 LETTERS RECEIVED. 

led all to economize and continue their eftbrts. These 
practical lessons in economy were an aid to the Institute 
in becoming a success and securing the support of the 
community, who realized that there was no waste in the 
management and that a dollar in the Doctor's hands w(iuld 
accomplish much. Nor can we forget the faithful care he 
took of the Institute building and its valual)le propei'ty ; 
how, day I)y day, and night by night, in summer an*d in 
wintei', his ever watchful eye and ready hand were work- 
ing for the safety of the building and its cf)ntents. Never 
receiving a single cent for his services, l)ut always giving 
to the Institute from his own limited means, he was its 
faithful personal guardian until his physical infirmities 
became so great he could no longer make his late, nightly 
visit in the dark to ever}' room in the building from attic 
to cellar, to l)e sure no fire-spark would destroy in a night 
the accumulations of years. Often have I made these 
nightly visits with him, when I have implored him to let 
some younger person perform the self-imposed duty, but 
his reply always was that he could not sleep until he was 
sure all was safe at the Institute. Never has property given 
forthe promotion of learning had a more faithfid custodian ; 
never has a trust been more honestly guarded. 

After his efforts to build up a museum of natural and 
local history and a library had reached such a success as 
to make it desirable to enter wider fields, and, as he often 
said, "by reflected light be better understood at home", 
the Doctor was an earnest advocate for publishing the 
records of the doings of the Institute. He argued that 
there were other communities doing similar work, and 
that an exchange of publications would be mutually bene- 
ficial and certainly would make the work of the Institute 
known to the world ; that, if what was l)eing done was 
worth doing, it ought to be known, and b}' publication the 



I.KMkhs ItF/'KIVRD. 1^!) 

researclu'S of one irononition should he iii:ido availablo for 
othcr.s to come. This led to our ProccHHlin^s, Historical 
Collections, and Hiilletins, and certainly they have jiioved 
the soundness of the Doctor's philosophy. They have 
nia(h' the Institute known wherevei- culture has a foothold. 
Mild they have brought to our shelves the researches of 
tliiiikers fiiMii all lands. Should all that we have here in 
these buildiiiLTs which make our home be destroyed l)y lire, 
as our iruardian so much feared, the work of the Institute, 
and wliat he accomplished by his devotion and love of cult- 
ure, would still live in the annals of Science and Ilistor}'. 
Well knowini: the great desire of our departed Presi- 
dent to secure the means of pnl)lishing the researches of 
the membcis of the Institute and placing our series of 
pnlilications on a i)ermanent basis, I am confident that no 
memorial to him would be more in keepini; with the great 
object of his life than the establishment of a fund, the 
income of which should be expended in i)ublishing the 
scientific and historical researches of the Essex Institute. 
With such a fund, the work to which he devoted his long 
and useful life would continue in widely spreading direc- 
tions, and I trust that some action will be taken by the 
members of the Institute with this desiral>le end in view. 
What irreater honor can we do him for all time to come 
than to print, on volumes that may hereafter issue from 
the Essex Institute, the words, 

PnhUf<li<'<1 h;/ lilt' Jloni/ \Vh('(ifl(iii<l Mt'inoridl Fund/ 

Kegretting that I am forced to send these few lines from 
a distant city, instead of adding my voice to those who 
to-iii<_dit will suggest that some |)ermaiient niemoiial of 
our Ix'loved friend be estalilished, 

I am, in deep sympathy with the cause of this meeting. 

The devoted servant of the Iiislilnle, 

V. W. Putnam. 



190 letters received. 

April 17, 1893. 
Henry M. Brooks, Esq., 

Secretary of Essex Institute, Salem. 
Dear Sir, 

I have received the invitation of the Essex Institute, 
and it would certainly be a great satisfaction to me to ])e 
present and share your sympathetic tribute to the mem- 
ory of my dear and honored classmate, Henry Wheathmd ; 
but the infirmities of age restrict my movements to a very 
limited circle. I must tn.st to an opportunity to read the 
good words which will l)e said in the addresses made on 
that occasion. The best that will be said of Wheatland 
will have my fullest sympathy. 

When I recall his venerable and Dantesque profile, his 
uniform sweetness and simplicity of nature and of charac- 
ter, his sincere devotion and regard for truth in his favor- 
ite sciences, his tine powers of thought and observation, 
his friendly interest in all about him, and his zealous 
efforts to rescue from oblivion all precious bits of personal 
history ; and when I think how heartily he used to come 
to the reunions of our little remnant of a class, each time 
renewing the impression of these lovely traits of mind and 
character, I feel how much we have lost in these last years 
by his involuntary absence. His heart, we knew, was 
with us, though physically he was confined at home. 

In him is withdrawn the last living representative of 
the large company — some seventeen in all — from Salem, 
who started on our ctjllege course with us. Now only 
eight are left of the then large class of 1832. Soon we 
too shall be called away. Would that we all might leave 
as sweet and pure a record as the friend whom you now 
meet to commemorate ! 

Sincerely yours, 

John S. D wight, 
Secretary of the Class of 1832. 

1 West Cedar street, Boston. 



LKTTKRS inXKIVKI). 191 

William B. Tuask writes in heiialf of the Doivliester 

AiitiqimiMMii Hiiil Historical Society, as follows : 

18 Clapp Plack, Dorchester, 
April 18, 1893. 

Hexky M. Buooks, Ksq., 
Secretary Essex Institute. 

Dear Sir : — 
. . . The Doctor was a clear fi'ieiid of mine, throuijh 
man}-, many years, esteemed for his sterlinir virtues, 
sociahility, love, and self-forgetfulness. How ready he was 
to help others ; wedded, as it were, to the Essex Institute. 
Anything and everything he could do to help that insti- 
tution seemed to be his aim and object. What would the 
"Institute" have been without Doctor Wheatland, espec- 
ially in its infancy, and what the Doctor, without the 
"Institute"? 

^'ours truly, 

William B. Trask. 



Cambridge, Mass. 

May 1, 181)3. 

Dear Mr. Rantoul, 

I regret exceedingl}' that I was not abU; to be present 
at the Memorial Meeting, held in honor of the memory of 
Dr. Henry Wheatland. One can but feebly express in 
the limits of a lettei' the sentiments of I'egret for the loss 
of an old friend, whose life was so rich in deeds that men 
love to honor as was that of Doctor Wheatland. 

I was one of the company of young naturalists, two 
already dead, who gathered about the Essex Institute 
in the days inunedialcly prececding the founding of the 

HIST. COM., vol.. x.\x 25 



192 LETTEES RECEIVED. 

Peabody Academy of Science, and I shall always be 
grateful for the almost paternal care and kindness shown 
by him to myself and others. 

Doctor Wheatland has always ranked in my memory 
as, perhaps, the most perfect type of unselfish devotion to 
science with whom I ever had the good fortune to come 
in contact. In my long and often intimate connection 
with him, both in the Essex Institute and Peabody Acad- 
emy of Science, personal ambition did not seem to exist 
in his mind, and I cannot recall an instance or discussion 
in which the welfare of those two institutions, or of the 
public, was not the main question. 

We never had to consider what effect any proposition 
might have on his personal interests, and in fact, so far 
as I can recall, he absolutely had none. 

He was, nevertheless, a strong, self-reliant man who 
had worked his way through difficulties of no light char- 
acter. He loved to tell us of the times of his youth when 
his own people ridiculed the work he was doing, and the 
public esteemed such occupations to be on a par with the 
juvenile pursuits of hunting birds' nests and collecting 
postage stamps. But he succeeded in winning the re- 
spect of all classes, and in making the Essex Institute an 
important factor in the education of the people of Essex 
County and a pioneer and exam[)le for other similar 
institutions throughout the United States. 

Nor were these his sole drawbacks ; he had constantly 
to contend with bodily infirmities in his earlier years, and 
a man of greater selfishness, and less gifted with firmness 
of will and mental power, would have considered himself 
as incai)able of gra[)pling with any work beyond that of 
self-preservation. 

His constitutional disabilities did })revent him from 
entering the field of investigation in natural history, for 



LETTERS HK( EIVKl). 193 

whioli it was wt'll known lli;it lie had a deciilctl taste. 
This lu.' always felt to he an unavoidahle peisonal loss. 

Others have no douht descrilx'd his life fully, and hon- 
ored it, as it deserved, with the praise that goes with good 
deeds. I write simply to express my personal respeet 
and love for a man whose e\ain})le anil frienilship are 
treasured in my memory and have deeply intiueneed my 
own views. 

Yours respeet fully, 

Alpheus Hvatt. 

The Buffalo Historieal Soeiety, the Beverly Historical 
Society, the AVatertown Historical Society, and other 
correspondents from various sections of the country, also 
forwarded their tiihutes of respect. 



SOME REMINISCENCES OF DOCTOR HENRY WHEATLAND. 



BY HENRY M. BROOKS, SKCRETAUY OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. 



Upon the organization of the Essex Institute in 1848, 
I became a member of that Society. I had known Doctor 
Wheatland for some years ; but at this time our acquaint- 
ance ripened into intimacy. The historical work of the 
Institute interested me greatly ; and, in the hours I could 
spare from business, much of my time was spent in solic- 
iting d(mations for its library and cabinets, besides doing 
what I could to procure members. These facts are now 
mentioned simply to show that my knowledge of the 
Doctor and his ways dates back to the early days of the 
Society. The impression formed of him at that time has 
never changed. He was always a patient, persistent and 
painstaking person ; but never obtrusive, nor enthusiastic 
in the ordinary meaning of the term, or at least he was 
not demonstrat've, as far as my observation extended. 
He was thoroughly devoted to the interests of the Insti- 
tute. He often talked with me on this subject, and he has 
said frequently that he had never asked anyone to become 
a meml)er. While desirous of increasing the member- 
ship and of procuring books, historical relics, etc., — I 
might say, anxious to do all this, — he did not appear to 
be so. I noticed particularly that when books or other 
things were donated, he never was very emi)hatic in ex- 
pressing thanks to the donor, but merely said "we should 
like them very well" ; sometimes he was so indifferent that 
(194) 



KF.MINISCENCES I'.V IIKMIV M. lUIOOKS. l!*') 

donors were uiicertaiii wlietlier their L'iits were viihied. 
Some persons have said to me, '' Do you think the I)(»e- 
tor wanted that hook?" Upon being assured that he did, 
they would say, "lie seemed so inditt'erent that I was 
afraid he did not eaie foi' it." Upon speaking to tiie 
Doetor about it, he would say that he did not hke to 
appear too greedy for things, or to give people the impres- 
sion that he was loo anxious for their eontrihutions. He 
was, in fact, extremely modest and unassuming, and this 
is one exi)lanatioii of his api)arent inditlerenee. lie dis- 
liked, as he said, "to make a fuss about things." The 
Institute never was conducted on the "mutual adn)iration" 
plan. 

He had a strong appreciation of humor. He often 

said to me, " you are just like C ; you must always 

have some funny character or incident to write or talk 
about." "You don't take any interest in great men like 
... ." ; naming a number of prominent individuals, 
" but you must dig out some queer old person like ...."; 
naming some well-known, quaint character; and then 
he would laugh heartily and add, " isn't it so, Henry, — 
d'ye get my meaning?" As much as he studied u[) dry 
facts and dates, he was ready to joke about it with any 
one who was disposed to take a humorous view of such 
things. 

He was, through life, very temperate in his habits, 
abstaining from sjjirits and tobacco ; but he never spoke of 
it, nor gave any advice to others on the sul)j(!ct, unless 
his advice was asked. He was very abstemious in regard 
to food, eating only plain, substantial things, using neither 
butter, milk nor gravy ; was regular in his sleep, and careful 
of his health, which in early life had been delicate. He 
told me that when he had finished his studies at Cam- 
bridire he was in poor health and felt that \\v should Ww 



196 REMINISCENCES BY HENRY M. BROOKS. 

but a few years, and so concluded not to practise medi- 
cine and take upon himself too much work, hut to devote 
his time to the study of natural history, and to "take things 
easy." With this feeling he was led to the formation, with 
other associates, of the Essex County Natural History 
Society in 1833-4. Living in the open air, his health at 
length im[)roved so much that he was able to increase his 
work. All know what a worker he was for so many 
years. He began quite early to be interested in Gene- 
alogy and Civil History, in the Essex Historical Society, 
then located over the Salem Bank in Pickman Place, and 
in the museum of the East India Marine Society, of which 
at one time he had the charge. This was l)efore the organ- 
ization of the Essex Institute. 

The Doctor was always very neat in his dress, which 
was quite simple and inexpensive. He would have looked 
odd enough with a pin or ring or a conspicuous watch- 
chain about his person. With regard to his clothes he 
said, "those who know me don't care how I dress, and 
for those who don't know me I don't care." From the 
time I first knew Doctor Wheatland he had but one fash- 
ion for his coat. It was always made with numerous and 
capacious pockets, in some of which he had a store of 
waste paper and twine, so that he was ready to wrap up 
anything that might be given to him for the Institute, and 
thus save some delay. He even carried the scissors to 
cut the twine. He was very careful to keep his feet warm 
and dry, and wore rubber overshoes well into the sum- 
mer. Some one said,* referring to this habit, "he left 
his rubbers off in July and put them on in August." 
Of an economical and saving ttu'n, he used small scraps 
of paper and old envelopes to make memoranda on, 
when there was plenty of paper at his disposal, I)ut 
his early habit of saving clung to him through life. He 
had an old lead pencil which looked as if it had been used 



RKMINISrEXrES HY IIKNIIV M. RIJOOKS. 107 

for years and not incndod oltcii. I'ut all tins saving was 
not for liis own IxMiotit. 

IIo liad no oai- lor niu>ic, yet always i)oiiij:lit tickets in 
the Oratorio and other concerts, to do what little he could, 
as I have heard him remark, "to help them alon^." I 
reeoUeet onee askinir him it" he expected to attend a 
particular concert. He said, "I ijenerally wait and then 
if I find there is to be a slim attendance I huy a ticket or 
tickets." In tliis way he showed his interest in what was 
going on. Although, as I have said, he was not fond of music 
himself, he regarded it as an important part of education, 
tending to refinement of taste and culture. He felt the 
same in regard to all artistic mattei-s. He was not inter- 
ested in poetry, and informed some one who wished 
him to l)uy a ticket tor a Shakespeare reading that he 
"never read a line of Shakespeare in his life," and I 
believe he said the same thinij with regard to the other 
great poets ; but he liked to see others interested in nnisic 
and poetry. In short he was in favor of all things that 
tended to enlighten and elevate the comnnmity, but, ot 
course, had his own specialties for study. Science, History 
and Genealogy were the subjects most to his taste. 

Ui)on finishing his studies. Doctor Wheatland made a 
voyage to England where he spent some months in Lon- 
don and its vicinity. I think this voyage was undertaken 
on account of his delicate health, of which I have already 
spoken. But at this time a Salem boy's education was 
hardly complete without a sea voyage or two. 

AI)out the Near 1840 he took a trip to Fayal in a whale 
ship l)elonging to Hon. S. C Piiillips, taking with him 
two of Mr. Phillii)s' sf)ns, — George and Willard, — who 
were then out of health, and the Doctor accompanieil tluMU 
at the request of Mr. Phillips. He was absent but a 
month or two at this time, and, a year later, made a voyage 
to l*ara, where he studie(l the pi-uperties and uses of 



198 REMINISCENCES BY HENRY M. BROOKS. 

caoutchouc aud became so addicted to the use of rubber 
over-shoes that, it was said, he once appeared in them ou 
parade in the Infantry. About 1842, the Doctor became 
much interested in the schools of Salem and was associated 
on the school committee with the Mayor, Mr. Phillips. 
Here the Doctor did a great work spending, as he has 
often told me, night after night for months with Mr. 
Phillips, sometimes until midnight, working out educa- 
tional plans for the benefit of the public schools. 

He was for years a member of the Massachusetts Board 
of Education, and it was largely through his influence that 
one of the State Normal Schools was located in Salem, 
and that Broad street was diverted from the side of the 
graveyard and the line of High street, to accommodate 
the buildino:. 

Probal)!}' no one ever gave so much time to the interests 
of our schools as Doctor Wheatland. He was elected on 
the committee for years, and the value of his services was 
acknowledged by all. 

When any important interest in the cause of education 
or science in the city or state was to be fostered. Doctor 
Wheatland was generally consulted as one who knew what 
ought to be done. So when the first Commission on the 
State Fisheries was appointed, the Doctor was made a 
member of the board, and was its principal scientific 
authority. It may be interesting in this connection to read 
Governor Gardner's letter inviting Doctor Wheatland 
to become a member of this Commission. Here it is. 

"Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 
Executive Department. 

Boston, 31 May, 1850. 
My dear Sir : 

You probably know the Legislature have passed a 
Resolve regarding the Artificial Propagation of Fish. Hav- 



RF.MTXISCENCES RY TIFNRY M. BROOKS. 109 

insr Sfreat regard for voiir connect ion with Natural Science, 
it orivos nie groat i)lo:isurc to tender vou tlie post as one of 
the three Coinniissioners. Please advise me at as early a 
day as possible if you will accept. 

Yours resp'y &c., 

IIknuy J. Gakdnek. 
Dr. Hknky Wheatland, Salem." 

The other Connnissioners were the Hon. Reul)en A. 
Chapman of Springtield and Capt. X. K. Atwood of 
Provincetown. Prof. F. W. Putnam informs me that 
he accompanied the Doctor on his trip to Provincetown 
to meet Ca[)t. Atwood. iNIassachusetts was the first state 
to estahlish a State Commission of Inland Fisheries. 

The Doctor was not much interested in politics. lie 
took no part further than to cast his vote at elections. I 
do not rememher ever hearing him discuss the topic. He 
thought all political excitement foolish and unnecessary in 
itself, and out of place in connection with the Institute, 
where people of all j)arties and creeds were welcomed. 
So the Doctor never encouraged, in the Institute rooms, 
talks on politics or theolog}'. 

Doctor Wheatland was very interesting in conversation. 
It sometimes seemed as if in his specialties he knew 
everything. lie had a very modest way of expressing 
himself, using very simple words, never monopolizing the 
conversation as some great talkers do ; l)ut listened patient- 
ly for a reply, or for any question, without interrupting the 
speaker. It seemed as though he never met any (»ne to 
whom he could not tell something about his ancestors. The 
tirst time he met Governor Andrew, he astonished him by 
telling him all about his Salem connections. I have often 
been anmsed to heai' him discourse In answer to some 
question on a l»iogiapliical or historical matter. lie 
HIST. COM,, vol.. XXX ;.'(; 



200 REMINISCENCES BY HENRY M. BROOKS. 

would begin perhaps niiiny years back, and his reply to 
the question came in, in the course of his remarks, making 
a charming little story which invariably appeared to 
interest the hearers greatly. He often began in this way — 
"It seems that in 17 * * there was a man who came to 
Salem from England," etc., and he would go on making 
quite a story of it. "It seems" was his favorite fornuda 
for beginning a statement. If it happened to be a ques- 
tion on some scientific sul)ject, he made it just as enter- 
taining to the listeners. And yet he never boasted of any 
special knowledge on any of these subjects ; but on the 
contrary often said, "I don't know much about it," when 
asked in relation to matters on which he was known to 
possess a remarkable store of information. 

One marked characteristic of Doctor Wheatland was 
his wonderful hopefulness and faith in the success of his 
plans. Especially was this manifested in reference to the 
Institute. "It will come out all right, — I never worry 
about things," he used to say. He never was uneasy nor 
excited al)Out what could not be heli)ed, even if soiuetimes 
he seemed to l)e irritated about trifling matters. At the 
time of the Civil War, when there were days of darkness 
and despondency with most people, he always appeared 
to me cheerful, and I often heard him remark, "I don't 
have any fears of the result; I guess things will come 
right finally." 

Who would have supposed Doctor Wheatland to ])e a 
military man? Yet he became a member of the Salem 
Light Infantry as early as 18o3, and thought he derived 
some benefit to his health from military drill. He always 
took a marked interest in the company and has appeared 
in the ranks among the "veterans" within a few years. I 
remember seeing him in the active company in full nni- 
foi-m — blue coat, red trimmings, white trousers, helmet 



REMINISCENCES BY HENRY M. J^ROOKS. 201 

with flowiiii; red horsc-liaii- ami white (tstrich t'catlitT ! 
He tlid not appear to mo to he siniriilar then, l)ut as 
I think of liiin now as a sohh'er I am amnscd, hccausc he 
generally had such a niihl, peaoeful look. 

I have said the Doctor had not much taste for poetry, 
yet how much like a poet he h)okcd. Taking a profile 
view of his head, it seemed to require only the wreath 
around it to make a picture of Dante. I tiiink he once 
apjx'ared in tableaux in that character. To see the placid 
look he generally wore, one could hardly believe that his 
temper could ever he rutlled ; hut upon occasion he could 
show his indignation like some other great men. I think 
he was impatient of captious criticism of his plans, and 
greatly annoyed at any unpleasant interference. He was, 
at the same time, alwa\s ready to listen to the sufjgestions 
of others if offered in a [proper spirit. 

The Doctor was never a Hucnt speaker in [niltlic, and 
lacked a good voice. He told me that, at school and in 
college, he was excused from declaiming, so that he "never 
spoke a piece." He si)oke in a very low tone, and often 
stammered, and his thotigiits seemed to come so fast that 
he could not (urnish words readily. But what he said was 
always important and instructive to those who heard him. 
He was a very ready writer, using a good, clear style, with 
great simplicitv of language ; in short, writing "plain Eng- 
lish." I think he rarely, if ever, used any foreign terms. 
I do not of course refer to his scientific writings. I have 
before me some of his school compositions, written when 
he was at the Latin school in Salem from 1(S2<) to 1828. 
They show here and there slight coirections by the mas- 
ter (Eames) ; but, for a boy thii'tecn to fifteen yeais old, 
they are pretty good specimens. The subjects arc curious 
ones for the Doctor; among others, "The Characlei- of 
Washington," and " The Proper Observance of the Sab- 
bath." He was graduated at Harvard in 1832. 



202 REMINISCENCES BY HENRY M. BROOKS. 

He belonged to the uiuisuiilly large class entering in 
1828. Salem furnishetl about one-tifth (»fall who entered 
college that year. It may be of some interest to know the 
names of those who went to college with him. There were 
Haley Forrester Barstow, Charles Timothy Brooks, George 
Wm. Cleveland, William Sewall Cleveland, William 
Fabens, William Prescott Gibbs, Charles Grafton Page, 
Archer Ropes, John Boardman Silsbee, John Henry Sils- 
bee, William Silsbee, Augustus Story, John Treadwell, 
William Henry West, and Henry Wheatland, all of Salem, 
and Samuel Rantoul of Beverly. Perhaps it may not be 
out of place to mention here, as the Doctor always did, 
that several Salem young men entered other colleges the 
same year. The Doctor always took a great interest in 
his class, keeping the run of the different members and 
making notes about them from time to time. He often 
aided those who needed it. He was constant at class 
meetings whenever he could get there. 

Doctor Wheatland was married to Miss Mary Catherine 
Mack, Feb. 3, 1858. She was the daughter of Elisha 
and Catherine Sewall (Orne) Mack. She was born Sept. 
25, 1816, and died Feb. 13, 1862. They had no children. 

From childhood and for many years the Doctor was a 
regular attendant upon the services at the North church, 
but of late years he had spent his Sundays quietly at 
home. He had sometimes spoken to me about it and said 
that he had so much to do during the week, and so many 
interru})tions, he had got into the habit of spending his 
Sundays in writing and reading. He was not an agnostic. 
While a Unitarian in his views, he had great resi)ect for 
people of all creeds and schools, however nuich they might 
differ from him. He had no love for controversy, and 
believed in what Dean Stanley called "Our Common 
Christianity." To show his feeling for the North church 
and "Parson Willson," as he generally spoke of him, he 



REMINISCENCES UV HKNKV M. IU;()<>K.> 



208 



took quiU' :in interest in, and was the priiu-ipal compiler 
ot", the vohimc on the centennial annivcrsarv olthi' Society, 
l)rinte(] in 1872. 

The Hoctor's hist ap|)eaiani'e upon a puhiic occasion 
Avas on the evenini: of "Forefathers' Day," Due. 21, IMIH), 
in Cadet Ilall, at a meeting of the Kssex Coiiirregational 
CInl), to which he was specially inviteil as an honoi'ed 
guest. It was only a few days after that he had an ill 
turn fiom the eHetts of which he never recovered; hut, 
after more than two years' eontinement, he passed away 
quietly on Feh. 27, 1898, at the age of 81 years, 1 month 
and IG days, at the house of his lirother Cieorge whose 
death preceded his by only a week. 

I must lesive the summing up of Dr. Wheatland's thar- 
acter to others, hut I may safely say that he was one ot 
the most useful men who have lived in Salem in recent 
years. 



! -S 4t '4 •«! '4 •<■ 



INDEX 



ABBOTT. 



44. 



Florence, 19. 

J. C, 42. 

J. G., 129. 
Academy Hall, 134. 
Act of Legislature relating to 

Essex Bridge, 9G. 
Action of Institute in nieniory of 

Dr. Wheatland. 133. 
ADAMS. 

John, 74. 

Lena, 25. 

S., 75. 

Samuel, 82. 
Address for Primary Schools. 22- 
Addresses by 

Hov. E.C. BoUes, D.I)., 1G8-171. 

Kev. J. F. Brodie, 12-14. 

Hon. A. C. Goodell, jr., 135-143. 

Prof. E. S. Morse, 155-lGO. 

W. A. Mowry, Ph.D., 14-18. 

(ieorge D. Phippen, 148-154. 

Hon. R. S. Rantoul, 144-147. 

Dr. Henry Wheatland, 158, ICO. 
i^QASSIZ. 

, i;'.7. ir.9. 17U, 187. 

AHERNE. 

Walter, 29. 
Albany, N. Y., 175. 
.\k-xandrla, 1 17. 
Algiers, 117. 
ALLEN, 

, 130. 

G. L., 39. 



ALLEY. 

Everett E., 41. 
ALMY, 

, 42, 51. 

America, 1, 3, 12, 13, 14. 22. 
American Academy of .Vrts and 

Sciences, 131. 
Amesbury, 15, 72. 
.•\nalccts of Confucius, 1G5. 
.Vnatomical Museum, 155. 
Ancestry of Henry Wheatland, 

127, 128. 
ANDERSON, 

Katie, 28. 
Andover, 72. 
ANDREW, 

Governor. 199. 
ANDRE"WS, 

, 45. 

A. H., 41. 

E. B., 6, 46. 

.1. A., 43. 

Lillie, 27. 

Mamie, 31. 

W. P., 31. 

William, 40. 
Annals of Lynn, lOH, 115, 119. 
ANTHONY. 

Leila, 33. 
APPLETON, 

.Iiio., 70. 
.Vrjigoii, 48. 
ARNOLD, 

Addie, 31. 

Benedict, 74. 

(205) 



206 



INDEX. 



42. 



ARNOLD, 

May, 32, 33. 

W. 0., 40. 
ASHTON", 

John, 89. 
ATWOOD, 

, 167. 

N. E., 199. 
Australia, 10. 
AVERILL, 

George H. 
AYEKS, 

C, 28. 

T.,29. 
AYLAVARD, 

David, 26. 

George, 27. 
Azores, 130. 

BACHELIiER, 

Jonathan, r?0. 
BACON, 

, 143. 

BAKER, 

Joseph, 70. 
BALCH, 

Jolin, 64. 
BALDWIN, 

B. E., 19. 
Baltimore, iMcl. 
BANCROFT, 

-, 122. 

BARDEN, 

, 107. 

BARNES, 

John, 25. 

W. H.,45. 
BARRETT, 

Rev. James, 37. 
BARRY, 

, 122. 

Annie, 25. 

David, 29. 

Katie, 20. 
BARSTOW, 

Haley F., 202. 
BARTLETT, 

M. Walsh, 182. 



174. 



BARTLETT, 

S. H., 39. 
BARTON. 

, 98. 

Bass River, 59, CO, 67, 96. 
Bass River Head, 68. 
Bass River Side, 60. 
BATCHELDER. 

Emma, 26. 

John H., 54. 

Josiah, 88. 

Josiah, Jr., 70. 
BATES, 

Carlton, 26. 

Howard, 26. 

Thomas, 33. 
BEAMAN, 

, 167. 

Bell Tavern, 75, 81. 
BELLO"WS. 

Rev. , 129. 

BENNETT, 

, 42. 

Harry H., 10. 
BENTLEY, 

Dr. , 90, 92, 94, 147. 

BERRY, 

, 19. 



Beverly, 18, 53, 55-59, 61, 64, 65, 

69, 71, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80,81, 85, 

87, 88, 89, 92-90, 98, 99. 
Beverly Bank, 94. 
Beverly Historical Society, 94, 

193. 
Beverly Lauding, 92. 
Bible Selections, 8, 9. 
BIGELOVIT, 

, 42, 51. 

Edwin R., 19. 

Mrs. Edwin R., 20. 

Jacob, 150. 
BILLINGS, 

Nellie, 30. 
BLANCH ARD. 

Ernest, 27. 



FNDRX. 



207 



BLINN. 

Grori^f H., 3y. 
BLITZ, 

, 99. 

Bloody Brook, Gl. 
BOLLES, 

Kcv. Kdwin C. If57-171. 
Bolton, 183. 
Boston, 15, 16. 58. 59. 64. 65. 66, 

71, 73-76, 81, 94, 98, 108, 111, 

128, 150, 175, 179. 190. 
Boston Road. 72. 74. 75. 
Boston, Ship, 129. 
Boston Society of Natural His- 
tory, 138. 
Botanic Gardens. 155. 
Bordeaux, 66. 
BOWDITCH, 

, lit. Ill, 147. 

BOWLES, 

Mary, 71. 
Boxford. 72. 
BOYNTON, 

. 43. 

Bradford, 149. 
BHADSHAW, 

Bertha, 26. 

Vickie, 26. 
BRADSTREET, 

, 74. 

.1. B., 44. 
BRADY. 

Dennis, 44. 
BRAQDON. 

Clifford, 30. 
Brazil, 14. 
BREED. 

, 6. 

Hubbard, 47. 
BRENNAN. 

Joim, 27, 28. 

Stephen, 33. 
Bridge Bill, 82. 
Bridfre Street, 66. 67. 

BBiaas, 

, 42. 52. 



BRIQHAM. 

. 6. 

Clifford, 39. 

L. F., Jr., 39. 
British Navy, 127. 
Broad Street, 198. 
BROCK, 

H. .v., 179. 
BRODIE. 

Rev. James F., 10, 12. 
Brookline, 185. 
Brooklyn, N. Y., 99. 
BROOKS, 

Rev. Charles T., 129, 144, 202. 

Henry M., 133, 134. 176, 177. 
179-183, 1H5, 190. I'Jl. 194- 
203. 

Rev. Phillips, 164. 
BROUQHTON. 

, 44. 

BRO^WN. 

, 6, 45, 70, 92. 

A. Parker, 39. 

Dollie, 25. 

E. F., 41. 

Emma, 32. 

Isaac, 116. 

Moses, 93. 

Nathaniel M., 3». 

Theron, 32. 

William B., 68. 
Brown Pond, 74. 
BUCKLEY. 

Alice, 27. 
Buffalo (N. Y.) Historical Society. 

193. 
Bull'nm's Corner, 74. 
BUKER, 

W. H., 39. 
BULLOCK, 

, 116. 

BURKE, 

C, 28. 29. 

Joseph, .^O. 
BURLEY, 

p:dward. 94. 



HIST. COLL. VOL. XXX 



'Jl 



208 



INDEX. 



BURNB, 

Mabel, 31. 
BTJRNHAM, 

A. L., 20. 

G.,28. 
BURNS, 

James, 47. 

T., 28, 29. 
BURRILL, 

Ebenezer, 108. 
BURTON, 

Frank, 28. 
Butts, the, 74. 
BUXTON, 

A. 1)., 43. 

Maud, 26. 

CAESAR, 

Julius, 1, 2. 
CABBOT, 

, 98. 

CABOT, 

, 130. 

Andrew, 70, 87. 

Deborah, 70. 

George, 58, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 79, 
82, 85,87, 92, 93, 97, 105. 

John, 70, 85, 93. 
Cadet Hall, 203. 
CAHILL, 

Joseph, 29. 
Cairo, 117. 
Calendars, 1-3. 
California, 22. 
CALL, 

J. H., 48. 

Josie, 33. 
GALLEY, 

George, 29. 
Cambridge, Kng., 141. 
Cambridge, 111, 137, 138, 176, 187, 

191, 195. 
CAMERON, 

, 19. 

CAMPBELL, 

Robertina, 34. 
Canada, 13, 14. 



" Canno-wes," 60. 

Cape Ann, 80, 157. 

" Cape Ann Syde," 60, 68. 

CARBONE, 

Victoria, 31. 
CAREY, 

Orrin, 41, 42. 
CARi^ETON, 

D. E. M., 182. 
CARNEY, 

Edward J., 20. 
CARPEKTER, 

Ivah L., 32. 
CARR, 

Louis. 27. 
CARRON, 

Angelina, 25. 

Annie, 26. 
CARSON, 

W., 47. 
CARTER, 

, 45. 

James J., 31. 
CASEY, 

George. 29. 

J. C, 42. 
CASHMAN, 

W., 28. 
CASSELL, 

, 47. 

Castile, 48. 

(Catalogue of Shells, 157. 

Central America, 13. 

CHAMBERLAIN, 

Charles, 40. 
CHANDLER, 

George A., 39. 
CHANNING, 

Dr. , 111. 

CHAPMAN, 

, 133. 

C. F., 41. 

Isaac, 70. 

Reuben A., 199. 
Charles River, 98. 
Charles River Bridge, 85. 
Charlestown, 98. 



INDEX. 



209 



Charter for Essox Bridfre, 97. 
CHASE. 
, 42. 

F. E., 40. 
Chaso Buiklina:, 130, 152. 
CHASTELLUX. 

.M:ir(Hiis ilo, 04, 6(5, 74. 
CHATTERTON, 

Thoiiias, 123. 
Chestnut Street, 68. 
Chicago, III., 3, 15, 18, 186. 
China, 11. 
CHISHOLM, 

Myrtie, 36. 
CHOATE, 

Hannah E., 19. 

.Tohn, 79. 
CHURCHILL, 

Mary F., 32. 
CHUTE, 

.TauK'S, 35. 
Circular Letter relating to Essex 

Bridge, 77. 
Civil War. 200. 
Clap-boards, 67. 
CLARK, 

George, 29. 

W. F., 6. 
CLEMONS, 

, 35. 

CLEVELAND, 

Gi^orge W.,202. 

W. A., 44. 

W. C, 160. 

William S., 202. 
CLIFFORD, 

, 19. 

Edith, 24. 
COBBET, 

, 65. 

CODY, 

E., 36. 

Eddie, 33. 

Li/./.ie, 36. 
COFFEY, 

J., 28. 



COGSWELL. 

E.. 2S. 
COLE, 

Fr.'ilerick L., 19. 
Tlionias, 149. 
COLLINS, 

, 6, 35, 36. 

Charles, 27. 
George A., 51. 
Grace, 26, 34. 
John, 32. 
May, 33. 
Richard, 25. 
Colonial Records, 166. 
Colorado, 15. 
COLSON, 

Warren, 20. 
Colurai>ia, 18. 
COLUMBUS, 

Christopher, 1-52. 
Columbus Day, 1-52. 
COMER, 

C. E., 40. 
COMSTOCK, 

G., 2H, 29. 
CONANT, 

Koger, .".9, 64. 
Concert Hall Assembly, 66. 
(^oncord, 65, 73. 
CONDON, 
Francis, 29. 
J., 2.-1. 
CONFUCIUS, 

, 164. 

CONLEY, 

H., 2«. 
CONLON, 

Louisa, 26. 
CONNOLLY, 
J. J., 37. 
Mary, 36. 
Richard, 42. 
COOKE, 

, 138. 

CaU-b, 15><. 
COOPER, 
lleliMi E., 19. 



210 



INDEX. 



COOPER, 

Malcolm, 3S. 

Thomas, 30. 

Vesta, 32. 
COPELAND, 

Fannie, 30. 
COPP, 

Helen B., 32. 
CORBETT, 

John, 37. 
Corporators of Essex Bridge, 85. 
COTTER, 

Edmund, 28. 
COTTLE, 

W., 28. 
Cotton Manufactory, 98. 
Court of Sessions, 87, 88. 
COUSINS, 

Frank, 6, 41, 42, 50. 
COX, 

Lemuel, 87, 88. 

Peter L., 124. 
CRANCH. 

, 74. 

CRANE, 

Ichabod, 124. 
CREESY, 

George W., 40, 41. 
CRESSY, 

Helen, 31. 
CRONIN. 

John, 37. 
CROUSE, 

Grace E., 21. 
CROWDIS, 

F., 28. 

Willie, 28. 
CROWLEY, 

C, 47. 

Florence, 31. 

James, 47. 
CRO^WNINSHIELD, 

, 76. 

CUNNINGHAM, 

, 19. 

CURTIS, 

Charles E., 45. 

George T., 129. 



CURTIS, 

George W., 144. 

H. F., 43. 

Pauline, 34. 
GUSHING, 

Lena, 31. 
CUTLER. 

Rev. Manasseh, 149. 

DALTON, 

J. D., 42. 

J. F., 24. 

Patrick, 40. 
DAMON, 

F. C, 39. 

Robin, 6. 
DANE, 

J. W., 41, 43. 

John, 71. 

Nathan, 70, 86,92, 93, 105. 

W. Q., 41. 
DANFORTH, 

Helen, 25. 
DANTE, 

, 159, 201. 

Danvers, 18, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 

81, 173. 
Danvers Historical Society, 173, 

174. 
Danvers Plains, 59, 73, 74. 
Danvers River, 99. 
" Dark Lane," 150. 
DARLING, 

Elwood, 29. 

Hudson, 29. 
DAVIS, 

F. W., 39. 

Grace, 27. 

Thomas, 86. 

Thomas, Jr., 70. 

W. W., 39. 
DEAN, 

Helen, 26. 

James F., 44. 
Decorations for Columbus Day, 

48-52. 



INDEX. 



211 



DEERY, 
John, 32. 
Katie, 31. 
DENNIS, 

Edna, I'fi. 
DERBY. 
E. 11., 70. 
Elias 11., 7(5. 
John, 70. 
DE TOCQUEVIIiLE. 

, 12--'. 

DEVEREUX, 

Hiiniphroy, G8. 
DEVINE, 

T. A., 51. 
DICKENS, 

. !»9. 

DICKEY. 

Lillian, 34. 
DIKE. 

.lohn, 70. 
DINSMORE. 

(,:. H., 48. 
Directors of Essex Bridge, !)3. 
DIXEY, 

, 58. 

William, 60, 62. 
Dixey Tavern, 58, 61. 
DIXIE, 

, 61. 

•' Doctor's Den," 186. 
DODGE, 

. 6,44. 

Abbie, 32. 

George, 54, 70, 87, 93. 
Ira, 32. 
Mary E., I'J. 
Pickeriiii:, 68. 
DOHERTY, 
Mary, 26. 
DOIilBER, 

Mamie, 30. 
DOMICAN, 
Acnes. 32. 
DONOHUE, 
Margaret, 27. 



DONOVAN, 

Freddie, 34. 
Dorchester, Eng., 127. 
Dorchester, 11)1. 

Dorchester .Antiquarian and His- 
torical Society, 191. 
Dorset County, Eng., 127. 
Dorset, Eng., 129. 
DOUGLASS, 

Mabel, 30. 
DRAKE, 

, 122. 

Draper's Point, 60. 

Draw to Essex Bridge, 83, 84, 86. 

Dredginir, 157. 

DRISCOLIi, 

, 36. 

Lena, 36. 

P. O., 44. 
DUCHESNEY, 



DUQQAN, 

H., 28. 
DUMAS, 

Ernest, 30. 

Le'codie, 30. 
DUNDAS, 

Mary, 33. 
DUNDES. 

Susie, 31. 
DUNN. 

Ellen, 26. 
DUNTLEY, 

G., 28. 
DUNTON, 



DUPONT, 

Eva, 30. 
DURGIN, 

Gnssie, 33. 
DWIGHT. 

John S., 190. 
DYSON. 

John, 70. 



EAGLES, 
Nettie B, 



21. 



212 



INDEX. 



EAMES, 



-, 128, 201. 



EARLE, 



-, 25. 



F., 28, 29. 
ICastern Railroad, 95, 96. 
East India Marine Societj% 196. 
EATON, 

, 43. 

EBERSON, 

Tina, 30. 
EDES, 

Henry H., 134. 
EDWARDS, 

, 42. 

Bessie, 26. 
Egypt, 11, 117. 
ElilASON, 

Carl, 25. 
ELIOT, 

, 110. 

ELLINQWOOD, 

Benjamin, 70. 
Ellingwood's Head, 76. 
Ellingwood's Point, 87. 
ELLIOT, 

, 110. 

Damon, 33. 
ELLIS, 

Edith, 26. 
Embargo Law, 107. 
EMERSON, 

, 162. 

EMRRY, 

George, 62. 
EMILIO, 

E. v., 52. 
EMMERTON, 

, 130. 

ENDICOTT, 

, 74. 

England, 10, 11, 87, 107, 122, 158, 

158, 197, 200. 
ENOS, 

Francis, 30. 

Jennie, 30. 



BNTWISTLE. 
J. Cliftbrd, 6, 41. 

Episcopalian, 124. 

Essex, 40, 150. 

Essex Bridge, 53-105. 

Essex Bridge, Agreement of Sub- 
scribers to, 69. 

Essex Bridge made over to the 
State, 97. 

Essex Congregational Club, 203. 

Essex County, 69, 73, 78, 129, 151, 

157, 177, 181, 186, 192. 

Essex County Natural History So- 
ciety, 130, 149, 152, 157, 196. 

Essex Historical Society, 130, 149, 
196. 

Essex House, 65. 

Essex Institute, 130, 131, 135, 137- 
140, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 
151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 157, 159- 
165, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173-180, 
182, 183, 185-192, 194, 195, 196. 

Essex Institute Bulletin, 159, 189. 

Essex Institute Directors, 133. 

Essex Institute Fair, 144. 

Essex Institute Historical Collec- 
tions, 151, 153, 158, 178, 189. 

Essex Institute Proceedings, 157, 

158, 159, 189. 
Essex Place, 130, 152. 
Essex Regiment, 74. 
Europe. 56, 117. 
EVITTS, 

Arthur P., 31, 32. 
Exercises at Cadet Hall, 46 

FABENS, 

William, '202. 
FAIRFIELD, 

James, 45. 

Samuel, 29. 
Fall River, 15. 
EARLESS, 

,47. 



INDEX. 



213 



FARMER. 

\V. S . 44. 
FARRELL. 

Kliz:itHMh. 28 

lliii:h V. K.. 37. 
FARRINQTON, 

Fred, 28. 
FAY, 

F., 28. 

J., 29. 

W., 29. 
Fayal, r.i7. 
Federalists, '.t8. 
PELT, 

Joseph, 89. 
Felton's Hill, 81. 
PENNO, 

Irviii2,29, 
FENOLLOSA, 

w. s.. ■((;. 

FERDINAND. 

King, 50, 51. 
FERNALD, 

Fred, 25. 
Ferrj' between Salem and Beverly, 

60-G4, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 

81. 
Ferry Landing, 56, 57, 87, 92. 
Ferry Lam-, 73, 87, 92. 
FEWKE3, 

J. Walter, 180. 
Field .Meetings of Essex Institute, 

141, 142, 149, 150, 158, 159. 
FILLE, 

Monsieur de la, 66. 
FINNEGAN, 

I'liilip, 31. 
FISHER, 

Josliua, 93. 
Fisiieries, State Connnission on 

Inland. 199. 
Fishing, 76. 
FISK, 

, 94. 

Jolm, 71,85, 87, 105. 
FITZ, 

Neil, 24. 



FITZ. 

N.-llie M., 21. 
FLAGQ, 

, 94. 

Klairii's Classical School, 94. 
FLINT, 

Harry. 24. 
FLORENTINE, 

Arthur 1*., 40. 
Florida, 121. 
Flower Shows, 130. 
PLYNN, 

1)., 47. 

J. H., 41. 

J. T., 44. 

M. H., 41. 

Michael. 41. 

Willie, 32. 
FOLEY, 

, 42. 

A. A., 40. 
FOOTE, 

Arthur, 4(1. 
FOPIANO, 

.1. .I.,45. 
Forefathers' Day, 203. 
FORRESTER, 

, 76. 

FOSTER, 

, 17. 

Edwin 0., 41. 

.T. M., 41. 

.John W., 8. 
FOWLER, 

, 75. 

Samuel P., i;'.0, 149. 
FOX, 

K., 19. 
FOXCROFT. 

IlridLtct, 128. 
France, 11, 87, 107, 153. 
FRANKLIN, 

lienjaniin, 106, 1 1m. 
Frnnkliii Huilding, 130, 152. 
FREEMAN, 

Alexander, 27. 



214 


INDEX. 


FBYE, 


GIFFORD, 


E. H., 46. 


Kayniond, 31. 


Herbert, 29. 


GIRDLER, 


John, 33. 


, 57, 


FULLER, 


Girondist, 97. 


George A., 45. 


Gloucester, 59, 72, 96. 


Funeral of Dr. Wheatland, 


133. GODDARD, 


FUKBUSH, 


Lena, 24. 


Elizabeth E., 32. 


GOLDSMITH, 




, 45. 


QAFFNEY, 


Chester A., 34. 


, 6. 


Gertrude, 33. 


Henry J., 31. 


GOLDTHWAITE, 


GAGE, 


Jennie L., 20. 


Zachariah, 70. 


" Good Gray Poet," 111. 


GALE, 


GOODALE, 


, 92. 


N., 70. 


B. A., 41. 


GOODELL, 


GAMBLE, 


Abner C., Jr., 133-143. 


J., 42. 


GOODHUE, 


GAJSTNON. 


Mrs. H. B., 45. 


C. K., 47. 


Martha, 128. 


W., 47. 


Stephen, 128. 


GARDNER, 


William, 65,66. 


Henry J., 198, 199. 


Goodhue House, 128. 


Williara-C, 19. 


Goodhue's Tavern, 65, 66. 


QARRITY, 


GOODRICH, 


Mamie, 31. 


A. L., 10, 13, 39. 


GAUSS, 


Samuel S., 111. 


John D. H., 33. 


GOODRIDGE, 


GAY, 


Samuel, 70. 


Clarence, 32. 


GOSSE, 


Ethel. 32. 


Philip, 158. 


GEARY, 


GOURLEY, 


Dennis, 31. 


S. T., 42. 


GEDNEY. 


GRAFTON, 


, f.2. 


Joseph, 70, 71. 


General Court, 82. 


Grammar Schools, 19, 20, 2: 


Petition to, 71, 95. 


GRANT, 


Keport to, 77. 


Mary A., 27. 


(iorniany, 153. 


GRAY, 


-_ ______ 


Qrt IK-. 1 Q7 


GIBBS, 


, on, 1 Ok} y lO 4 . 


William P., 202. 


William, 93, 94. 


GIFFORD, 


William, Jr., 70. 


Clara A., 21. 


Great Pastures, 150. 


George E., 35. 


Great Pond Side, 60. 


H. Pr, 41. 


Greece, 11. 



INDKX. 



215 



GREELEY. 

Alice, 27. 

Kditli, -Ji;. 

Iloriice. 110. 
GREEN, 

T., 28. 
Greiioriaii Ixiile, 2. 
GREGORY XIII. 

Tope, 2, 3. 
GRIFFIN, 

J., 2S. 
GROVER, 

Benjamin, 58. 
GRUND, 

Francis J., 1 11. 

HACKETT, 

Alice, 25. 
HAGAR, 

1). B., 19, 47, 133, 134. 
HALE. 

Henry, 52. 

Henry A., G. 
HALL," 

George, 26. 

James, 175. 
HAM. 

Ethel, .35. 
Hamilton. 59, 74, 79. 
HANCOCK, 

John, 82. 
HANSON, 

(iertrnde, 26. 

Kiithcrine, 32. 
HARDING, 

John H., 6, 41. 
HARDY, 

Henry \V., 10. 
HARE. 

Daniel H. 0., 20. 
HARKINS, 

J.. 28. 

Mary T., 32. 
HARKNES8. 

.\rthnr, 20. 
HARLOWE, 

Bessie, 34. 



HARRIGAN, 

A.. 2S. 29. 
HARRINGTON. 

(Je-iii:.', 40, 47. 
HARRIS. 

George M., 20. 

I. P., 42. 

O. M., 41. 

W. S., 42. 

Walter L., 39. 
HARRISON. 

Bcnjaiuin. 7, 8, 22, 37. 
HART, 

, 46, 56. 

Joseph. 108. 

Samuel, 108. 
Hart House, 108. 
Hartford, Ct., 64. 
HARTIGAN, 

,}. J., 39. 

v.. 43. 
HARTNETT, 

T., 42. 
Harvard College, 64, 128, 136, 139, 

201. 

Class of 1832, 190, 202. 
Harvard Natural History Society, 

185. 
HARWOOD, 

, 19. 

C. H., 39. 
HASKELL, 

Hnhert, 71. 
HATCH, 

.lulian, 33. 
HATHA"WAY, 

John. 13. 
HATHORNE. 

John, 61. 
Haverhill, 6.".. 
HAWKES. 

Nath;in M., 106. 
HAWTHORNE, 

Nathaniel, lUO, 124, 144. 
HAY, 

K. W.,39. 

Mary, 25. 



HIST. COLL. VOL. XXX 



28 



216 



INDEX. 



HAYES, 

Florence, 33. 
HAYWAHD, 
Ethel, 2(j. 
Francis, 34. 
William P., 20. 
HEANEY, 

Willie, 32. 
HEATHCOTE, 

Walter, 30. 
HEFFERNAN, 
John, 44. 
Willie, 27. 
HEJNTDIEW, 

; 36. 

HENNESSEY, 

Willi;ira W., 32. 
HENRY, 

, 155,169. 

Henry Wheatland Memorial Fund 

189. 
HEKSEY, 

Polly, 28. 
HIBBARD, 
Jeremiah, 60. 
Joshua, 60. 
HIQBEE, 

Kiitli C, 19. 
HIGGINS, 

W. C, 48. 
Hiah Rock, 118. 
High School, 10. 
High Street, 198. 
HILL, 

, c. 

Alice, 31. 
Anna, 30. 
B. F., 45. 
Bertie, 30. 
George E., 39. 
Hugh, 70, 93. 
William E., 47. 
HINCHION, 
M., 36. 

Historical Museum, 166. 
HOAR, 
Joseph, 29, 



Hoary Bat, 157. 
HOBBS, 

C. Wesley, 40. 
HOGAN, 

Eva, 27. 
HOLLAND, 

Dou^liis, 31. 
HOLMES, 

John, 129. 
HOLT, 

Ethel, 24. 
HOLWAY, 

Ernest. 33. 
HOLYOKE, 

, 147. 

Holyoke Block, 130. 
HOMAN, 

William, 70. 
HOOD, 

, 115. 

HOOPER, 

Jennie, 33. 
HOPKINS, 

-, 35. 

Horse-boat, 63. 
Horse Bridge, 59. 
HOVEY, 

Thomas, 70. 
HOWE, 

Estes, 129. 
HOWLAND, 

William, 116. 
HUBBARD, 

, 122. 

HUGO, 

Victor, 14. 
HUGUET LATOUR, 

L. A., 176. 
HUMPHREY, 

Verna, 124. 
HUNT, 

, 133, 134. 

Annie M., 31. 
Sarah E., 174. 

Thomas F., 172, 185. 
HURD, 
Harry, 25. 
J. A., 43. 



INDEX. 



217 



HUKIiET, 

I).. 2.S. 

John F., 39. 

Mary, 26. 

Willie, '27. 
HUSSEY. 

Georiro R., 32. 
HUTCHINSON, 

, 80, 122. 

Frank. 27. 
HUXTABLE, 

Davis, 32. 
HYATT, 

.\lpheus, 193. 

lUumiuation of Beverly Briclse, 

57. 
India, 11, 153. 
Industries of Lynn, 107. 
Infantry, 198, 200. 
INQALLS, 

Jennie, 32. 
INQOLDSBY, 

Lizzie, 30. 
Inscriptions on Beverly Bridge, 

55, 5G. 
International Exposition, 3. 
Ipswich, 41, 59, 63, 72-76, 79-82. 
IRESON, 

St.'lla M., 19. 
IRVING, 

, 45. 

ISABELLA, 

Queen, 50, 51. 
Isles of Shoals, 157. 
IVES, 

, 130. 

JACKSON, 

,98, 114, 155. 

Addie, 26. 

Henry, 32. 

Jonathan, 90. 

Louise, 25. 
JAQUES, 

Ethel, 27, 



JAMES, 

Thomas L., 12. 
Ja|>an, 1 1 , 
JEFFREY. 

Fred, 40. 

John, 41. 
JENKINS 

Frank, l'9. 
JEWETT. 

, 134. 

JOHNSON, 

, 45, 40. 

Edward. 122. 

Fred, 26. 

S. A., 39. 

Victor, 27. 
JOLL, 

William II., 43. 
JONES, 

E. D., 41. 

Edmund, 29. 

George, 29. 

Samuel G., 33. 
JORDON. 

Cyrus, 42. 

Henry, 25 

William, 26. 
Joshua's Mountain, 57, 71. 
JOSSELYN, 

Lewis, 124. 
Journal <if Kssex County 

Natural History Society, 157. 
Journal of Oljadiah Turner, 122. 
Journey by Washington, 98. 
JULYN, 

Charles, 44. 

Kansas, 113. 
KELLEHER, 

David. 27. 

John, 26. 
KELLEY. 

Frank. 3:5, 
KELLY. 

Charles fL, 32. 

Mar":aret F,, 40. 



218 



INDEX. 



KENERSTON, 

Helen, 80. 
KEN (1 SON, 

Lillian T., 19. 
KENNEY, 

Bertha, 31. 
KENT, 

, 43. 

Kent, Eng., 129. 
KERR, 

George J., 41. 
KILCOYNE, 

Mary, 3G. 
KIMBALL, 

Howard, 40. 

James, 97. 

James P., 178. 

Josiah F., 124. 

Steplien, 28. 
King's Arms, 65. 
King's Highway, 92. 
KINGSLEY, 

Canon, 158. 

"F. D., 39. 
KIN SELLA, 

Annie, 30. 

Margaret. 27. 
KNICKERBOCKER, 

Diedrich, 124. 
KNIGHT, 

Bessie, 33, 34. 
KNIGHTS, 

W. II., 42. 
KNOWLTON, 

Agatha, 27. 
KNOX, 

, 97. 

Gertrude C, 19. 

LAFAYETTE, 

, 54, 55. 

L'APRICAIN, 

J. R., 42. 
LAHEY, 

James, 31. 

Margaret, 31. 

Thomas, 33. 



LAIGHTON, 

, r-'4. 

LAKEMAN, 

John 11., 20. 
LALOR, 

John, 37. 
Lamps, 83. 
LAMPSON, 

Nathaniel, 70. 
LANE, 

F. A., 41. 
LANGE, 

Robert, 29. 
LANGMAID, 

W. T , 39, 
LANNON, 

T. F., 47. 
LARCOM, 

Lncy, 144. 
LARKIN, 

Agnes, 28. 
LARRA.BEE, 

, 19. 

Ethel, 33. 

Lillie, 32. 
LAWRENCE, 

A., 29. 

Arthur, 29. 
Lawrence, 15. 
Lawyers, 113, 114, 115, UG. 
LAYTON, 

, 6. 



LEA, 



155. 



LEACH, 



, 6. 



Asa, 71, 88, 91. 

Nathan, 70. 

William, 93. 
Leach's Tavern, 61, 87, 
LEAR, 

, 98. 

LEAROCK, 

Ernest, 34. 
LEE, 

, 45, 130. 

Bertie, 29. 



i, 89, 90. 



INDEX. 



219 



LEE, 

John C, 130. 

Joseph, 70. 87, 88, 89, 105. 
Lehman . Lake, oG. 
LEIQHTON. 

OrUmclo. 20. 
liENDALL, 

Lizzie, 31. 
Letters rehitiuj^ lo Dr. Wheathmd, 

172-103. 
LEWIS. 
. ^ 122. 

Abbie, 2(5. 

Alonzo, 115, 118, 119. 

Florence, 27. 

Lydia, 25. 
Le.\in<rton, 05. 
LIEBSCH, 

Rudolph, 29. 
Lin or JeAvels of the Third I'lan- 

tation, 115, 117, 120, 122, 125. 
LINCOLN, 

Levi, 90. 
Literature, 97, 111, 123. 
LITTLE, 

. 13-1. 

Ella, 34. 

Mariiarct, 34. 

riiillp, 39, 4G. 

T. F., 44. 
"Little Museum,"' 172. 
LOCKE, 

, 44. 

A. N., 45. 
LOMASNEi', 

Timolhy, 2G. 
London, Enj;:., 129, 197. 
LOONEY, 

\V.,47. 
LORD, 

James A.. Jr., 40. 
LORING, 

J., 44. 
LOTHROP, 

, CI. 



LOTHROP, 

Tlioiiias, GO. 
LOUQE'^, 

J. L., 52. 

Sherman, 31. 
Louisiana, IG. 
LOVET, 

Uillard, 34. 

.John, 4lli, 70. 
LOW 

Daniel, 50, 51. 
LOW^D. 

Emma B., 23. 
LOWELL, 

, 125. 

Lowell, 15. 
LOWHEY, 

John, 41. 
LUCAS, 

C. F., 25. 
LUCY, 

J., 47. 
LUMMUS, 

Charles K., 112. 
LUNDERQAN. 

Joseph .M., 32. 

Nellie, 31. 
LUSCOMB, 

, 19. 

Lyceum of Natural History, 155. 
LYNCH, 

Ambrose. 29. 

G., 28. 

Josie, 30. 
Lynn, 15, 18, 74, lOG, 107, 108, 

112-llG, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124. 

149, 150. 
Lynn Five Cents Savinirs Hank, 

114. 
Lynn, History of, ll.->, 117, 118. 
Lynn Item, 1 12. 
Lynn Mirror, 1 12. 
Lynn Mutual Fire hisurance Com- 
pany, 114. 
Lynn Police Court, 114. 
Lvnnlleld, 107. 



220 



INDEX. 



LYON, 

Alice, 27. 
Marian, 27. 
LYONS, 
D., 28. 
Frank, 25. 

MC CARTHY, 

James, 32. 

MC CONNELL, 

Bertlia, 30. 

MC cormick:, 

John, 30. 
MC CULLOUGH, 

Susie, 28. 
MC DONALD, 

J. C, 41. 

Winnifrecl, 83. 
MCDONOUGH, 

Eddie, 31. 

Mary, 31. 
MC FADDEN, 

F., 28. 
MC GARRELL, 

Samuel, 2G. 

William, 27. 
MC GLUE, 

, 3G. 

MC INTYRE, 

Hector, 123. 
MACK, 

Catherine S., 202. 

Elisha, 202. 

Fred, 33. 

John, 31. 

Mary C, 202. 
MC KAY, 

Isabel, 28. 
MC KENZIE, 

Alice, 28. 
Mackerell Cove, 60. 
MACKINTIRE, 

, 45. 

E. A., 6, 41. 
MC LEAN, 

C.,28. 

W., 28. 



MC MANUS, 

Bessie, 25. 
MC NALLY, 

Rose, 27. 
MC NIFF, 

J. T., 42. 
MC SHANE, 

Henderson, 27. 

Mary, 26. 

Robert, 27. 
MC SWEENEY, 

William, 37. 
MAGUIRE, 

E, T., 19. 
MAHONEY, 

Lawrence, 29. 
Maine, 22, 97. 
Maiden Bridge, 82, 85. 
Malta, 117. 

Manchester, 15, 59, 60, 72, 81. 
Manhattan, 112. 
MANNING, 

, 130, 133. 

MANSFIELD, 

H.K., 40. 

W. B.,41. 
Marble Harbor, 68. 
Marblehead, 41, 71-75, 80, 82. 
MARSHALL, 

George, 30. 
MARTIN, 

William F., 44. 
MASON, 

Rev. , 129. 

J., 28. 

Robert, 29. 
Massachusetts, 58, 97, 110, 129, 

183, 199. 
Massachusetts Board of Educa- 
tion, 131, 198. 
Massachusetts Fish Commission, 

131. 
Massachusetts Historical Society, 

131, IGl. 
Massachusetts Legislature, 198. 



INDEX. 



221 



MASSEY, 



02. 



John, 03. 
Massey Tavern, CA, 1)2. 
MATHER. 

Cotton. 122. 
MATTHEWS, 

Willie, 32. 
MAY, 

Florence, 30. 
Mayor's Remarks on Colunihiis 

Day, 10, 11, 144. 
Med ford, 81, 
Medical Degree, 129, 136. 
Mediterranean Sea, 117, 
Memorial Meeting for Dr. Wheat- 
land, 133-203. 
Meniori.'il, War, 131. 
MERRILL, 

, 45. 

Arthur, 26. 

Benjamin, 113. 

E. II., 6, 41, 44. 

Margarets., 27. 

William, Jr., 182. 
Merrimac, 59. 
Merrimac River, 72, 74, 85. 
MERHITT, 

, 45. 

MERRO^W, 

Ethel, 27. 
MESSER, 

Nellie, 33, 34. 
Methuen, 72. 
Mexico, 13, 14. 
Michigan, 110. 
MILLARD, 

John. 31. 
MILLEA, 

L. E., (J, 43. 

Margaret, 30. 
MILLER, 

Addie, 30. 

.Mhert, 25. 
MILTON, 

B. S. S., 43. 



.Minneapolis, Minn., ISl. 
MINOT, 
, 122. 

Missouri, 110. 
MISSUD, _ 

, 57. 

•Mistiek River, 98. 
MITCHELL, 

, 91. 

MONROE, 

Harriet F., 19. 
MONSON, 

Arthur, 27. 

John, 25. 
MONTE SQDTEU, 

Baron dc, Go. 
Montreal, Can., 176. 
MORRILL, 

George, 20. 
MORRIS, 

William S., 21. 
MORSE, 

, 44. 

Edward S., 133, 134, 155-166, 
160, 182, 185. 

John T., 129. 
MOtJLTON, 

II. .\., 26. 
MOWKY, 

\Villiam A., 1, 10, 14, 20, 28, 30, 
35. 
MUDGE, 

lUnjiimin F., 113, 114. 
MULLEN, 

J. F.. 47. 
MULLIGAN, 

.Vnna, ;!0. 

John, 30. 

Nellie, 30. 
MURPHY, 

.Vnnic, 28. 

James J., 47. 

William, 37. 
Museum of Morbid Anatomy, 155. 
Music, 57. 

Nahant, 107, 140. 



222 



INDEX. 



WARKOONSKY, 

Paulina H., 32. 
Natural History, 141. 
WAUGLE, 

Gladys, 26. 

Harold, 2G. 

Ealph, 27. 
Naumkeag School, 35. 
NEARY, 

Matthew, 29. 
NEVINS, 

W. S., 41. 
Newbury, 64. 

Newburyport, 72, 74, 82, 98. 
NEWCOMB, 

Minnie, 31. 
New England, 4, 15, 17, 121, 152, 

157, 178. 
New England Historic Genealogi- 
cal Society, 121, 131. 
NEWHALL, 

Benjamin, 108. 

Benjamin F., 93. 

James R., 106-125. 

Thomas, 108, 122. 

Thomas B., 113, 114, 116. 
New Mills, 73, 81. 
Newtonville, 172. 
New York, 110, 121. 
New York, N. Y., 18, 98, 99, 179. 
New York Conference, 111. 
New York Tribune, 110. 
NICHOLS, 

, 130. 

Andrew, 149, 150. 

Ethel, 31. 

JohnH., 40. 
Nightly Visit of Dr. Wheatland to 

the Institute, 188. 
NILAND, 

Michael, 31. 
NOAH, 

M. M., 111. 
NOBBS, 

l!ev. S. B., 36. 
NOLAN, 

T. r, E., 47. 



NOONAN, 

John, 29. 
Normal School, 19, 198. 
NORRIS, 

Maud, 30. 
North America, 16, 18. 
North Beverly, 74. 
North Church, 94, 202. 
North Fields, 68, 76. 
North Point, 60. 
North River, 61, 67, 68, 81. 
Notice in Salem Mercury of Sale 

of Essex Bridge Property, 90. 
NUGENT, 

— , 44. 

OAKES, 

William, 130, 149. 
OBER, 

Arthur, 40, 
O'BRIEN, 

Arthur, 29. 

Cornelius, 28. 

D., 28, 21t, 47. 
O'CALLAGHAN, 

Daniel, 30. 
O'CONNELL, 

Cornelius, 27. 

J., 47. 
O'DONNELL, 

Frank, 32. 

Kate, 31. 
O'HARE, 

John, 27. 
O'KEEFE, 

J. F., 42. 

Jeremiah, 47. 

T., 28, 29, 47. 

W., 28. 
OLDPATH, 

Obadiah, 120, 124. 
O'LWARY, 

, 42. 

D. W., 40. 
OLIVER, 

, 110. 

Henry K., 184, 185. 



INDEX. 



223 



OLIVER. 

.lac'ol), 70. 
OLSEN. 

A -da, 25. 

Will: (Hit, 25. 
ONEIL, 

.Mary. 33. 
ORNE. 

Catherine S., 202. 
Orne's Point, 56, 71, 76, 82, 150. 
OSBORNE. 

, 42. 

Allen, 2'.). 

Jonathan, 41. 

Josiah n., 41, 47. 
OSGOOD, 

, 133. 

Rev. , 129. 

Charles S., 185. 

George, 130, 149, 150. 

Lizzie, 26. 

PACKARD, 

A. S., 181. 

W. C, 6, 41, 52. 
PAGE, 

, 99. 

Charles G., 202. 
PAIGE, 

, 75. 

Charles G., 129, 130. 
PAINE, 

Metella, 19. 
PAIiFRAY, 

, 6. 

PALFREY, 

. 122. 

Palos, 12. 

Para, 130, 197. 

Parade on Columbus Day, 38^5. 

Paradise, 150. 

Paris, 13, 14. 

PARKER. 

Lillie, 24. 

Lucy, 32. 
PARKMAN, 

Kev. , 129. 



Parochial Schools, 36, 37. 
PARSONS, 

Ehen, lie. 

J. M , 41. 
PATTEN, 

Paul B., 6, 44. 
Pay-roll for buiUlinff Essex 

Hridsre. 88. 
PEABODY, 

Dean, 116. 

Francis. 165. 

George, 95. 
Peabody, 18, 57, 73. 
Peabody Academy of Science, 131, 

137, 155, 159, 192. 
Peabody Institute, 174. 
Peabody Museum of .American 

Archaeology and Ethnolo::y, 138, 

175. 
PEACH, 

(ieorge W., 40. 
PEARSON. 

Gcorg.' E., 41. 
PEDRICK, 

J., 2H. 
PEIHSON, 

E. L., 39. 

H. F., 39. 
Pennsylvania. 121. 
PERKINS, 

, 43. 

B. Frank, 41. 
Bessie, 27. 

C. F., 41. 
Charles, 27. 
E. A., 45. 
Fitz W., 41. 
George, 25. 
Thomas II., 95. 
AHola S., 19. 

PERLEY, 

Sidney, 134, 185. 
PERRY. 

, 134. 

Amos. 184. 

Rev. Gardner B., 130, 149. 



HIST. COLL. VUL. XXX 



29 



224 



INDEX. 



PERRY, 

William F., 45. 
Persia, 11. 
Peru, U. 
PETERSON, 

J. N., 41. 

Joseph, 29. 
Petitions for Essex Bridge, 76, 81. 
PETTIT, 

Bertlia, 25. 

Edward, 26. 

Martha, 27. 
PHELAW, 

George, 29. 
Philadelphia, Pa., 112, 121. 
Philadelphia, Pa., Academy of 

Natural Science, 155. 
Philadelphia, Pa., Numismatic 

and Antiquarian Society, 121. 
PHILBRICK, 

, 43. 

PHILLIPS, 

George, 197. 

S. C, 197, 198. 

Willard, 197. 
PHIPPEN, 

, 133. 

C. E., 39. 

C. H., 43. 

George D., 47, 130, 148-154. 

Robert, 41. 
PICKERING, 

, 147. 

George W., 41. 

Marion, 30. 

Martha, 30. 

Timothy, 74, 98. 

William, Jr., 42. 
PICKMAN, 

, 76. 

Benjamin, 68, 71. 

Dudley L., 68. 

Sarah, 71. 
Pickman Place, 152, 196. 
PIERCE, 

Blanche, 30. 



PIERSON, 

AbelL., 129. 
PIKE, 

Ethel, 25. 
PINGREE, 

David, 133, 134, 185. 
PINKHAM, 

Ilattie, 33. 
PITNAM, 

, 19, 45. 

George, 29. 
Planter's Marsh, 62. 
PLUMMER, 

Joshua, 71. 
Plummer Hall, 152. 
Plymouth, 58. 
POLLOCK, 

James, 41. 

John, 40. 

William, 41. 
POOLE, 

Fitch, 144. 
Poole Bay, 127. 
"Poor Richard," 112. 
Port Bill, 59. 
PORTER, 

Ellis H., 6, 41. 

F., 42, 49. 

Hawthorne, 34. 

S. H.. 41, 42. 
Porter's River, 76. 
Portrait of Henry Wheatland, 

161. 
Port Royal, 60. 
Ports of Salem and Beverly, 65, 

66. 
Portsmouth, N. H., 64, 98. 
Post Road, 75. 
POWELL, 

Elizabeth, 21. 
POWERS, 

Harry, 27. 

Ida, 26. 

Joseph, 26. 
PRATT, 

John W., 32. 



INDEX. 



225 



PHATT, 

L. K., 42. 
PRENTISS, 

Maud Iv, 3;-). 
PRESCOTT. 

, 130 

Martha, 128. 

William, 70, 8(5, 105, 149. 
President's Proclaination, 7. 
Press Association, 10(>. 
PRICE, 
C. H.. 41. 
J., 41. 
Primary Schools, 23-34. 
PRINCE, 
Harold, 3.5. 
William H., 172. 
Print inir, 109, 118. 
PRISEAULT, 

Eincst, 43. 
PROCTER, 

William H., 32. 
PROCTOR, 

Edna D., 20. 
Proof-reader, 110, 119 
Proprietors of Essex Bridge, 

Meetings of, 86, 94. 
Providence, K. I., 180. 
Provincctown, 199. 
Provincial Records, 16G. 
PROVO, 

Kphraim, 45. 
PRYNNE, 

Ilfster, 124. 
PULLING. 

Edward, 70, 87. 
PULSIFER, 
Marian, 34. 
PURTELL, 
George, 28. 
Maud, 28. 
PUTNAM, 

, 75, 130, 134, 1.59. 

Fred W., 177, 189, 199. 
Putnamville, 73. 

Quebec, 74 



QUIGLEY, 

l,i/./ie, 13. 
QUINLEY, 
Maririt-S 31. 

RABBETT. 

Katlicrine, 32. 
RADFORD, 

, 4.-). 

RALPH, 
.M,, 3(1. 
Ramage Press, 118. 
Ram's Horn Beacon, 56. 
RAMSDELL, 

, 43. 

RANTOUL, 

, G, 133, 131, 114-147. 

Augustus, N., 39. 
Beverly, 39. 
Robert, 93, 95. 

Robert, S., 10, 46, 47, 143, 174, 
175, 176, 178, 180, 182, 18.">, 
191. 
Samuel, 202. 
William G., 39. 
REA, 

James, 30. 
READ, 

, 42. 

REARDON, 
Henry, 31. 
Michael, 29. 
REDDING, 

George, 25. 
REDMOND. 

Evnt'st R., 31. 
REED, 

C W., 6, 41. 
REITH, 

William, 42. 
RELHAN, 

Richard, 141. 
Reminiscences of Dr. Wheatland, 

194-203. 
REMON, 

.John, 28. 

REVERE, 

Paul, 91. 



226 



INDEX. 



Revolution, 65, 107. 
Revolutionary Roll, 126. 
BEYNOLDS, 

, 19, 44, 47. 

J. ¥., 44. 
Rhine, 56. 
EHOADES, 

C. C, 34. 

Mary S., 19. 
Rhode Island, 129. 
Rhode Island Historical Society, 

180. 
RHODES, 

Aaron, 124. 

mcE, 

Alice, 25. 

Mary, 25. 

Mildred, 25. 
illCHARDSOlXr, 

, 35, 43. 

Irving, 27. 

J., 28, 29. 

Walter C, 48. 
Richmond, Va., 179. 
RILEY, 

G., 47. 
ROACH, 

Edward, 28. 
ROBINSON, 

John, 134, 185. 

Sanniel, 65, 66. 
ROBSON, 

R. H., 45. 
ROCHAMBEAU, 

Count de, 64. 
ROCHEFOUCAULD-LIAlSr- 
COUHT, 

Duke de la, 97. 
ROGERS, 

Mrs. Carrie S., 36. 

Daniel, 70. 

Horatio, 180. 
ROLLINS, 

WiUiaui, 26. 
Rome, 1 1. 
RONAN, 

Fannie, 28. 



ROPES, 

, 44. 

Archer, 202. 

Nathaniel, 76. 
BOUNDY, 

James, 41. 
ROWLEY, 

Irving, 30. 

Mary E., 27. 

Thomas, 123. 
Rowley, 59, 73, 74, 79. 
RUSHFOBD, 

Eddie. 30. 
RUSSELL, 

, 43, 167. 

Governor, 22. 

Rev. John L., 130, 144, 150, 152. 

Le Baron, 129. 
Russia, 3. 
RYAN, 

Annie. 31. 

Katharine, 34. 

Lizzie, 25. 

M., 28. 

Nellie, 33. 

Robert, 32. 

Sadler's Rock, 117. 

SAPFORD, 
W. 0., 39. 

SAGE, 

, 45. 

St. Cloud, 13. 

St. George's River, 97. 

ST. JOHN, 
Elizabeth, 122. 

St. John's N. B., 60. 

ST. YVES, 
Joseph, 43. 

Salem, 1, 5, 15, 16, 17, 18, 48, 53, 
58, 59, 60, 63, 66, 67, 68.69 71, 
72, 74-78, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87, 88, 
92, 95, 96, 98, 99, 108, 128. 129, 
130, 146, 147, 149, 157, 168, 173, 
174, 176, 177, 182-185, 187, 
198-201, 203. 



INDEX. 



227 



Salem Athcnflcuni, 131. 
Salem Bank. l'.)(). 
Salem Charitable Mechanic's As- 
sociation, 131. 
Salem Commercial School, 35. 
Salem Fraternity, 131, 156. 
Salem Gazette, 109. 
Salem Landinj;, 92. 
Salem Latin School, 128, 201. 
Salem Neck, 158. 
Salem Public Library, 132. 
Salem Turnpike, 128. 
SAIilSBtJRY, 

Stephen, r.'9. 
SALTONSTALIi, 

, 147. 

SANBOHN. 

, 42. 

Annie, 33. 

Ella, 33. 

Irving, 34. 
San Francisco. Cal., 15, 18. 
San Salvador, 12. 
SARGENT, 

Arthur, 29. 

Emma, 27. 

G. H., 42. 
Saugus,o9, 74, 107, 118. 
Saugus Hiver, 123. 
SAUL, 

Mabrl,:'.o. 
SAUNDERS, 

Fiank, 33. 

J. J., 47. 

John, 71. 

John, Jr., 70. 
SAVAGE, 

, 122. 

SAVORY, 

Alfncl, 28. 

Herb.Tt, 29. 
SAWYER, 

Alice, 33. 

Maud, 32. 
SCANLAN, 

Fred K., 32. 



8CHEPFER. 

, 1,V.). 

SCHOLLAR, 

, 19. 

Schools, 4, 7. 

Seal of Essex Brid; 

8EARLES. 

Victor A., 48. 
SEARS, 

, 140. 

SEWALL. 



91. 



Samuel, 108. 
SHAKESPEARE, 

, IGl, 197. 

SHAMBO, 

.\utoiue, 27. 

William. 25. 
SHATSWELIi, 

Mary, 25. 
SHATTUCK, 

W.,40. 
SHAY, 

W. M., 47. 
SHEA, 

Bartholomew, 31, 
Sheffield Scientific School, 139. 
SHEPARD, 

, 123. 

Vinuicr, 31. 
SHERIDAN, 

Phil, 37,38. 
SHIIiLABER, 

. 75, 81. 

Ship Tavern, G2. 
Shippinj^, 81. 
SHUTE, 

Mary, 34. 
Sign Board on Essex Bridj^e, 5 

86, 101. 
SILSBEE, 

Jolui B., 202. 

John II , 202. 

Nathaniel, 47. 

Mrs. Nathaniel, 114. 

William, 20l'. 



228 



INDEX. 



SIMS, 

Charles, 41. 
SKERRY, 

Francis, 62, 63, 68. 
SKINNER, 

Emery B., 40. 
SLATER, 

Frank, 27. 

Matthew, 27. 
SLATTERY, 

Joseph, 32. 
SLOOVERE, 

Arthur cle, 25. 
SMART, 

, 44. 

J., 39. 
SMETHURST, 

Bessie, 27. 
SMITH, 

A. F., 45. 

Alice, 31. 

E., 28. 

F., 29 

Frank L., 20. 

George C, 44. 

Gordon, 33. 

Lincoln, 32. 

W. H , 43, 
Smithsoni:in Institution, 155. 
SNEEDEN, 

Grace, 33. 
Social Observances, 46. 
SOUTHAM, 

Henry. 26. 
South America, 13, 16. 
Southern Essex County, 53, 58. 
Spain, 11, 15. 
SPENCER, 

, 44. 

Thomas, 130, 149. 
SPRAGUE, 

Joseph, 70, 80. 

Spring Pond, 74. 

Springfield, 199. 

STACKHOUSE, 

Richard, 63. 



STACKPOLE, 

N., 19. 
STAMPER, 

Arthur, 33. 
STANLEY, 

Dean, 202. 
STAPLES, 

H. F., 39. 
State Agricultural College of Kan- 
sas, 113. 
State Fisheries, Commission on, 

198. 
State House, 81. 
STEPHENS, 

, 110. 

Thomas, 70. 
STEVENS, 

, 110. 

Ada, 26. 

Samuel, 40. 
STICKNEY, 

Jeremiah C, 113, 114, 115, 116. 
STILLMAN, 

, 19. 

Lulu, 34. 
STIMPSON, 

, 157. 

STONE, 

, 61. 

John, 60. 

0. B., 21, 39. 

Robert, 76. 

Thomas T., 183. 
STORY, 

, 147. 

Augustus, 129, 202 
SULLIVAN, 

C, 36. 

Ellen M., 10. 

Maggie, 30. 
Sun Tavern, 65, 86. 
Surinam, 158. 
SUTTON, 

Henry. 39. 
S"WAIN, 

Mabel, 34. 



INDEX. 



229 



S-wampscott, 107. 
SWAN. 

Harvey, 30. 

W.A.. 41. 
SWEENEY, 

Daniel J., 40. 

P., 4 7. 
SYIiVESTER. 

Charles, 26. 

Clara, 27. 
SYMONDS. 

Albert, 32. 

Grace M.,31. 

L. W., 43. 

TADQELL, 

Florence, 33. 
TALEYKAND, 

Baron cle, 65. 
Taple3-ville, 73. 
Taverns, 58, 61, 62, 65, 66, 75, 87, 

88. 
TAYLOR, 

I. G., 39. 
TEEIi, 

Georse E., 40. 
TEMPLE, 

Mollic, 27. 
THACHER, 

, 129. 

THIBAQLT, 

Napoleon, 40. 
THOMAS, 

Edith, 30. 

George, 25. 

Lillie, 25. 
THOMPSON, 

. 122. 

Nellie, 25, 26. 

William, 26. 
Thomson-Houston Electric Com- 
pany. 107. 
THORBURN, 

G. II., 40. 
THORNDIKE, 

, 70. 

Israel, 70, 71, 85. 



THORNDIKE, 

Larkin, 71. 
THOROGOOD, 

G.. 2S. 29. 
THYNQ, 

William A., 39. 
TIBBETTS, 

E. A., 36. 

Frank, 29. 
TIERNEY. 

r. F., 39. 
TIQH, 

Miriam, 34. 
TIRRELL, 

Minol, Jr., 116. 
TITTLE, 

John, 70. 
TIVNAN, 

J. H., 47. 

Joseph II., 47. 
TOBEY, 

William, 41. 
TOBIN, 

Lulu, 32. 

Margaret J., 32. 
Toll-gatherer, 86, 89,91, 93, 101- 

104. 
Toll-house, 86, 128. 
Tolls, 55, 63, 82, 83, 85, 89. 91, 93, 

95,96. 100, 101, 128. 
TOLSTOI, 

, 162. 

TOOMEY, 

.lames. 20. 
TOPIANO, 

Teresa, 30. 
Topslk'kl, 72. 
TORREY, 

, 155. 

Town Rridge, 61. 

Town Meeting in Danvcrs, 75. 

Town Meeting in Salem, 76. 

TOWNE. 

Walter, .33. 
TOW^NSEND, 
Blanche, 19. 



230 



INDEX. 



TBACEY, 

Marie, 33. 
TRACY, 

, 138. 

Cyrus M., 124. 

Margaret, 26. 
TRASK, 

William B., 191. 
Travel, Condition of, 60-66, 

72-76. 
TREAD WELL, 

-John, 202. 
TROW, 

Charles E., 31. 
Tuck's Point, .57. 
TURNER, 

, 6. 

Obadiah, 122. 

Ross, 48, 4!), 50. 
TUSCANY, 

Duke of, 52. 
"Twice Told Tales," 100. 
TYWDALE, 

, 124. 

UHLER, 

P. R., 175. 
United States, 13, 14, 18, 22, 48, 

49, 91, 107, 192. 
UPHAM, 

, 50, 122. 

William P., 172. 
UPTON, 

, 43, 130. 

E. T., 43. 

Warren, 43. 

VAUDREUIL. 

Baron de, 65. 
VAUGHN, 

, 44. 

Thomas J., 32. 
Venice, 56. 
VERY, 

, 43, 167. 

Jones, 144. 



VINTON, 

, 134, 161. 

Virginia Almanac, 97. 
VOLLOR, 

Grace. 26. 

VTADLEIGH, 

, 44. 

WALLACE, 

Sadie, 30. 
WALPOLE, 

Horace, 123. 
WALSH, 

John, 25. 

W. P., 47. 
War Powers of the President, 

121. 
W^ARD, 

Miles, 61. 

Samuel, 76. 
WARD WELL, 

Mary A., 34. 
Wareham, Eng., 127. 
WARREN, 

James, 82. 
W^ARVILLB, 

Brissot de, 97. 
WASHBURN, 

, 42, 51. 

C. R., 6, 41. 

W. S., 41. 
WTASHINGTON, 

George, 37, 68, 64, 66, 91, 98, 

201. 

J. S., 44. 
Washiuirton Hall, 94. 
"Water-horses," 61. 
WATERS. 

Stanley, 182. 
Watertown Historical Society, 

193. 
"Weal-Reaf," 144. 
Weather, 54, 64. 
WEBB, 

Frank, 34. 

Samuel, 40. 



INDEX. 



231 



■WEBBER, 

, 47. 

William G., G, 41, 42, r,0. 
■WENDELL, 

F. A., 41, 43. 
Wenlmin, 18, 51), 72, 74, 79, 81, 95, 

!•(■). 9H. 
■WENTWORTH, 

Lillian, 30. 
■WEST, 
George, 39. 
John, 44. 
M. E., 19. 
■William H., 202. 
West Indies, 15. 
West Ne-vvbury, 182. 
West Ne-w'bury Natural History 

Club, 182. 
Western Archipelago, 128. 
■WEYMOUTH, 

O., 40. 
■WHEATLAND, 
Bridget, 128. 
George, 203. 

Henry, 127-134, 137, 144-148, 
150, 151, 152, 154, 155, l.'^G, 157, 
159, 162, 164, 165, 166, 168-179, 
181-186, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 
203. 

Martha, 128. 
Peter, 128. 

Richard, 127, 128, 129. 
WHEELER, 

, 43. 

Eth.'l M., 21. 
"WHELPLEY, 

G , 2X. 
■WHIPPLE. 

George M., 39, 47. 
John, 26. 
Mabel S., 19. 
Paul. .34. 
■WHITE. 

, 147. 

A. P., 133, 134. 
Joseph, 71, 76, 85, 87. 

HIST. COLL. VOL. XXX 



■WHITE, 

Louise G.. 19. 
William O., 185. 
■WHITING, 
Samuel, 122. 
William, 121, 122. 
■WHITMAN, 
Wiilt, 112. 
■WHITMORE. 
Harvey, 20. 
■WHITTIER, 

John G., 144. 
■WILCOX, 

George, 42. 
■WILDES, 

Rev. George D., 179. 
■WILKINS, 

. 42, 52. 

Frank, 41. 
S. H., 6, 41. 
■WILLARD, 
Joseph, 64. 
■WILLIAMS. 

, 81. 

Charles, 40. 
Henry, 70. 
T. R., 45. 
U. W., 44. 
■WILLIS, 

N. r. 111. 
WilloAvs, Salem, 56. 
■WILLSON, 

Kov. E. n., 202. 
■WILSON, 

, 35, 43. 

G. A., 39. 
H., 28. 
.John, 31. 
■WINN, 

S. B., •In. 
■WINSLO^W, 
M:ii)el, 19. 
■WINSOR, 

Justin, 171!. 
■WINTHROP, 



- 122. 



Robert C, 95, 175. 



30 



232 



INDEX. 



Wisconsin, 121. 
WOOD, I 

Josepli, 70. 
"WOODBKIDGE, 

Dudley, 68, 71, 87, 92. 
"WOODBUKY, 

, 19, 56, 59. 

Alice, 34. 

Freeman, 33. 

George P., 41. 

Grace A., 10. 



WOODS, 

Mrs. Kate T., 172. 
Writers, 124. 
WYMAM, 

, 155, 187. 

Yale College, 139. 
YOUNG, 

Blanche, 30. 



iV»ri» 



Vj 



COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 



ESSEX INSTITUTE 



HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 



JAN., FEB., MAR., 1893. 



VOLUME XXX 



SALEM, MASS. 

PRINTED FOR THE ESSEX INSTITUTE, 
1893. 



ESSEX INSTITUTE 



^OGbM 



Historical Collections 



VOLUME XXX. 



SALEM, MASS. 

PRINTED FOR THE ESSEX INSTITUTE, 
1893. 



